Figure 2.

Reciprocal interactions between fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes. Many growth factors and cytokines have been shown to act in autocrine and/or paracrine fashion to induce hypertrophic responses in cardiomyocytes and activate fibroblasts. This scheme depicts only some of the factors identified. Ang II: angiotensin II; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factors; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1; CT-1: cardiotrophin-1; LIF: leukemia inhibitory factor; FGF-2: fibroblast growth factor 2; ANP: atrial natriuretic peptide; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; IL-33: interleukin-33; ECM: extracellular matrix; OPN: osteopontin; FBN: fibronectin.