Social and demographic factors
|
|
|
|
Women's age |
|
|
|
<25 years |
52 (87) |
8 (13) |
60 (100.0) |
25–35 years |
97 (87) |
15 (13) |
112 (100.0) |
>35 years |
37 (86) |
6 (14) |
43 (100.0) |
P value = .995 |
|
|
|
Place of residence |
|
|
|
Urban |
95 (87) |
14 (13) |
109 (100) |
Rural |
91 (86) |
15 (14) |
106 (100) |
P value = .779 |
|
|
|
Number of dependents |
|
|
|
2–5 |
39 (85) |
7 (15) |
46 (100) |
6–9 |
56 (89) |
7 (11) |
63 (100) |
10–13 |
55 (83) |
11 (17) |
66 (100) |
>14 |
36 (90) |
4 (10) |
40 (100) |
P value = .702 |
|
|
|
Dead children |
|
|
|
Yes |
63 (88) |
9 (12) |
72 (100) |
No |
123 (86) |
20 (14) |
143 (100) |
P value = .763 |
|
|
|
Antenatal care |
|
|
|
Yes |
129 (87) |
20 (13) |
149 (100) |
No |
57 (86) |
9 (14) |
66 (100) |
P value = .966 |
|
|
|
Distance by walking to location of childbirth |
|
|
|
None (home birth) |
140 (93) |
10 (7) |
150 (100) |
< half an hour |
16 (84) |
3 (16) |
19 (100) |
half an hour–one hour |
5 (71) |
2 (29) |
7 (100) |
one hour–two hours |
0 (0) |
1 (100) |
1 (100) |
>two hours |
25 (66) |
13 (34) |
38 (100) |
P value <.0001 |
|
|
|
|
Literacy and education |
|
|
|
Women's literacy |
|
|
|
Yes |
53 (87) |
8 (13) |
61 (100) |
No |
133 (86) |
21 (14) |
154 (100) |
P value = .92 |
|
|
|
Women's literacy and education |
|
|
|
Illiterate |
127 (85) |
22 (15) |
149 (100) |
Reads Quran |
6 (100) |
0 (0) |
6 (100) |
Primary school |
33 (85) |
6 (15) |
39 (100) |
Intermediary school |
5 (83) |
1 (17) |
6 (100) |
Secondary school |
13 (100) |
0 (0) |
13 (100) |
Higher education |
2 (100) |
0 (0) |
2 (100) |
P value = .602 |
|
|
|
Husbands' literacy and education |
|
|
|
Illiterate |
70 (86) |
11 (14) |
81 (100) |
Reads Quran |
8 (100) |
0 (0) |
8 (100) |
Primary school |
30 (77) |
9 (23) |
39 (100) |
Intermediary school |
21 (95) |
1 (5) |
22 (100) |
Secondary school |
26 (87) |
4 (13) |
30 (100) |
Higher education |
31 (89) |
4 (11) |
35 (100) |
P value = .311 |
|
|
|
|
Occupation and income |
|
|
|
Women's employment and wage salary during the last 3 months |
|
|
|
Yes |
13 (76) |
4 (24) |
17 (100) |
No |
173 (87) |
25 (13) |
198 (100) |
P value = .207 |
|
|
|
Occupational status of husband |
|
|
|
Farmer/laborer |
79 (85) |
14 (15) |
93 (100) |
Government employee |
107 (88) |
15 (12) |
122 (100) |
P value = .557 |
|
|
|
Other family income (land/cattle) |
|
|
|
Yes |
43 (91) |
4 (9) |
47 (100) |
No |
143 (85) |
25 (15) |
168 (100) |
P value = .258 |
|
|
|
|
Factors related to the previous childbirth
|
|
|
|
Location of childbirth |
|
|
|
Home |
140 (95) |
8 (5) |
148 (100) |
Institution |
46 (69) |
21 (31) |
67 (100) |
P value <.0001 |
|
|
|
Own choice of birth attendance/location of childbirth |
|
|
|
Yes |
165 (92) |
14 (8) |
179 (100) |
No |
21 (58) |
15 (42) |
36 (100) |
P value <.0001 |
|
|
|
Birth complications (self-rated) |
|
|
|
Yes |
42 (70) |
18 (30) |
60 (100) |
No |
144 (93) |
11 (7) |
155 (100) |
P value <.0001 |
|
|
|
Women's authority during childbirth |
|
|
|
Yes |
147 (94) |
10 (6) |
157 (100) |
No |
39 (67) |
19 (33) |
58 (100) |
P value <.0001 |
|
|
|
Presence of birth support person(s) |
|
|
|
Yes |
131 (96) |
6 (4) |
137 (100) |
No |
55 (70) |
23 (30) |
78 (100) |
P value <.0001 |
|
|
|
Mother-infant proximity following birth (n = 212, 3 stillborn children) |
|
|
|
Skin-to-skin |
14 (93) |
1 (7) |
15 (100) |
Wrapped/dressed in arms |
66 (92) |
6 (8) |
72 (100) |
Separate bed/elsewhere near |
69 (87) |
10 (13) |
79 (100) |
Other place in room but out of contact |
29 (76) |
9 (24) |
38 (100) |
Separate room/place out of sight |
5 (63) |
3 (37) |
8 (100) |
P value = .05 |
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|
|