Table 2.
Concentration of 10 pharmaceutical compounds measured in water (μg/L) and sediment (μg/kg) samples collected from the Po river (from A to T), its effluents (from 1 to 36) and respective cationic exchange capability and organic carbon content. — = not analysed; n.d. = not detected, below limit of quantification.
| Sampling site | Cationic | OC | Atorvastatin | Ranitidine | Propanolol | Carbamazepine | Atenolol | Metoprolol | Metronidazole | Paracetamol | Furosemide | Nimesulide | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| exch. cap. | sedim. | water | sedim. | water | sedim. | water | sedim. | water | sedim. | water | sedim. | water | sedim. | water | sedim. | water | sedim. | water | sedim. | water | ||
| ng/g | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2.96 | 2.88 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.004 |
| 2 | 18.39 | 11.19 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | 61.1 | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 3 | 7.74 | 1.22 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.005 | n.d. | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | 2.32 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 4 | 8.45 | 6.08 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.009 | n.d. | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.065 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 5 | 10.02 | 3.17 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | 24.1 | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | 2.7 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 6 | 11.2 | 1.23 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.002 | 109 | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.666 | 2.36 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.085 |
| 7 | 12.3 | 14.59 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | 1.51 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 8 | 11.72 | 5.91 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.009 | 47.6 | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | 98.4 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 9 | 13.89 | 1.75 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.297 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 10 | 20.29 | 14.1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 11 | 7.75 | 2.63 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.061 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 12 | 38.4 | 34.51 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.57 | 0.012 | 12.0 | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.055 | 0.559 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 13 | 32.54 | 28.4 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.063 | 12.7 | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.048 | 4.53 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 14 | 8.75 | 1.75 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | 30.7 | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.24 | 4.56 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 15 | 10.49 | 9.56 | — | n.d. | — | n.d. | — | n.d. | — | 0.112 | — | — | — | n.d. | — | n.d. | — | 0.486 | — | n.d. | — | 0.15 |
| 16 | 14.35 | 12.8 | 0.220 | 0.028 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.069 | 0.007 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.33 | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.627 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.001 |
| 17 | 39.58 | 61.73 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.158 | n.d. | 0.027 | 0.004 | n.d. | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.397 | 0.605 | n.d. | n.d. |
| 18 | 27.31 | 25.24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.176 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 19 | 9.4 | 1.41 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.004 | n.d. | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 20 | 9.21 | 2.09 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.044 | n.d. | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.034 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 21 | 22.45 | 9.54 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.21 | 0.020 | 10.1 | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.527 | 8.63 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 22 | 16.48 | 12.48 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 3.59 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 23 | 44.56 | 56.45 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.115 | n.d. | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 24 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| 25 | 14.84 | 0.58 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.432 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 26 | 13.35 | 4.92 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.770 | 0.005 | 23.6 | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.227 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 27 | 20.28 | 10.7 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.26 | 0.003 | 16.3 | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.122 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 28 | 21.33 | 10.72 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.004 | 2.93 | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 29 | 27.23 | 9.93 | 0.288 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.242 | n.d. | 0.040 | 0.112 | n.d. | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.486 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.15 |
| 30 | 34.09 | 13.44 | n.d. | 0.128 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.048 | n.d. | n.d. |
| 31 | 21.83 | 10.1 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.094 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.014 | n.d. | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.023 | n.d. | 0.061 | 0.156 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 32 | 34.76 | 21.67 | n.d. | 0.044 | 0.028 | 0.044 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.028 | n.d. | n.d. | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.068 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.01 |
| 33 | 28.12 | 12.1 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.138 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.156 | — | n.d. | n.d. | 0.16 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.571 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.002 |
| 34 | 35.95 | 25.74 | n.d. | 0.016 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.42 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.004 | n.d. | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 35 | 22.76 | 14.2 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.144 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.09 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 36 | 30.59 | 22.5 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.035 | 0.165 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.003 | n.d. | — | 0.425 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.508 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| A | 18.96 | 14.55 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| B | 14.31 | 11.5 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.92 | — | 26.75 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 5.17 | — | n.d. | — |
| C | 1.15 | 10.43 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.012 | n.d. | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| D | 6.42 | 0.19 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.007 | n.d. | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.322 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| E | 16.83 | 0.97 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.86 | 0.007 | 217.54 | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| F | 11.77 | 5.6 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2.92 | n.d. | 15.29 | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.103 | 17.5 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| G | 35.33 | 20.56 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.86 | n.d. | 283.54 | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.373 | 8.66 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| H | 6.78 | 0.23 | — | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | n.d. | 0.99 | — | — | — | — | — | n.d. | 0.079 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| I | 8.37 | 3.84 | 0.16 | 0.035 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.004 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.24 | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| L | 9.62 | 0.975 | 0.215 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.001 |
| M | 21.07 | 11.68 | n.d. | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.009 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.728 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| N | 18.9 | 9.61 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.42 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.021 | n.d. | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.728 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| O | 28.25 | 14.95 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.067 | 0.018 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.109 | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.013 | n.d. | 0.07 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.002 |
| P | 23.21 | 20.88 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.036 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.041 | n.d. | 0.304 | — | 0.256 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.706 | n.d. | 0.052 | n.d. |
| Q | 22.3 | 11.46 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.155 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | — | n.d. | n.d. | 0.23 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| R | 27.99 | 15.94 | n.d. | 0.023 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.058 | 0.013 | n.d. | — | n.d. | n.d. | 0.267 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.041 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| S | 30.11 | 14.59 | n.d. | 0.023 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.027 | n.d. | n.d. |
| T | 26.71 | 28.88 | 0.319 | 0.022 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.058 | n.d. | n.d. | 0.008 | n.d. | — | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.382 | n.d. | 0 | n.d. | n.d. |
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mean | 19.46 | 12.72 | 0.057 | 0.015 | 0.004 | 0.005 | 0.101 | 0.001 | 0.203 | 0.012 | 17.5 | 0.000 | 0.032 | 0.000 | 0.031 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.174 | 3.10 | 0.013 | 0.001 | 0.008 |
| 90° percentile | 34.63 | 25.64 | 0.220 | 0.034 | 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.242 | 0.004 | 0.851 | 0.026 | 30.7 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.160 | 0.012 | 0.000 | 0.427 | 4.56 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Standard deviation | 10.44 | 12.46 | 0.109 | 0.029 | 0.010 | 0.012 | 0.129 | 0.004 | 0.550 | 0.028 | 51.7 | 0.000 | 0.106 | 0.000 | 0.080 | 0.015 | 0.000 | 0.512 | 13.8 | 0.084 | 0.007 | 0.031 |