Table 1.

Risk factors of SCC

Risk factor	NMSC	HNSCC	ESCC	NSCLC
Personal habits
Tobacco smoking	•	•••	•••	•••••
Alcohol consumption		•••	•••
Dietary factors		•a	•b
Oral health		•
Environmental exposures
UV light	•••••	•
Occupational exposure (nickel refining, textile fibers, woodworking)		•
Radon gas				•
Particulate matter				•
Asbestos				•
Viral infections
HPV	•	•	•	•
EBV		•
JCV				•
Other diseases
Acid reflux disease		•
Achalasia			•
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome			•
Ethnicity		•c	•d

• = common factor

••• = major factor

••••• = predominant factor

^aBetel nut chewing

^bHigh-starch diet without fruits and vegetables, or pickled vegetables

^cAfrican American

^dAfrican American, male