Table 1.

The Denver criteria showing risk factors for blunt vertebral and carotid injuries and the Denver Radiological Criteria for Cerebrovascular Injury

Denver screening criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injury (Cothren et al.) [32]
Any cervical spine fracture
Unexplained neurological deficit incongruous with imaging
Basilar cranial fracture into carotid canal
Le Fort II or III fracture
Cervical haematoma
Horner syndrome
Cervical bruit
Ischaemic stroke
Head injury with Glasgow Coma Scale score<6
Hanging with anoxic injury
Denver radiological grading scale of blunt cerebrovascular injury (Cothren et al.) [32]
Grade I	Irregularity of vessel wall or dissection/intramural haematoma with <25% stenosis
Grade II	Intramural thrombus or raised intimal flap or dissection/intramural haematoma with >25% stenosis
Grade III	Pseudoaneurysm
Grade IV	Vessel occlusion
Grade V	Vessel transection