Doppler ultrasonography |
Mutze et al. 2005 [37] |
Blunt cerebrovascular injury in patients with blunt multiple trauma: diagnostic accuracy of duplex Doppler US and early CT angiography |
Retrospective case series |
1,471 |
Carotid and Vertebral |
38.5% sensitivity, 100% specificity |
|
MR angiography |
Levy et al. 1994 [36] |
Carotid and vertebral artery dissections: three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography and MR imaging versus conventional angiography |
Prospective series |
5 |
Vertebral |
20% sensitivity, 100% specificity |
|
Biffl et al. 2002 [51] |
Noninvasive diagnosis of blunt cerebrovascular injuries: a preliminary report |
Prospective case series |
16 |
Carotid and vertebral |
75% sensitivity, 67% specificity |
|
CT angiography |
Biffl et al. 2002 [51] |
Noninvasive diagnosis of blunt cerebrovascular injuries: a preliminary report |
Prospective case series |
46 |
Carotid and vertebral |
68% sensitivity, 67% specificity |
|
Mutze et al. 2005 [37] |
Blunt cerebrovascular injury in patients with blunt multiple trauma: diagnostic accuracy of duplex Doppler US and early CT angiography |
Retrospective case series |
407 |
Carotid and vertebral |
100% sensitivity, 99.7% specificity |
|
Eastman et al. 2006 [7] |
Vertebral artery injury after acute cervical spine trauma: rate of occurrence as detected by MR angiography and assessment of clinical consequences |
Prospective case series |
146 |
Carotid and vertebral |
97.7% sensitivity, 100% specificity |
|
Utter et al. 2006 [49] |
Sixteen-slice CT angiography in patients with suspected blunt carotid and vertebral artery injuries |
Retrospective case series |
82 |
Carotid and vertebral |
92% negative predictive value |
CTA negative, suspected vessel injury patients. |