Table 3.
Estimated change (%) in urinary biomarker levels calculated for a two-fold increase in urinary cadmium concentration
| Estimated effect size (%) | 95%CI(%) | R2 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | ||||
| KIM-1 | 23.73 | 6.92 to 43.18 | 0.05 | 0.005 |
| Microalbumin | 4.40 | -13.42 to 25.89 | 0.001 | 0.65 |
| Proteins | 5.66 | -3.52 to 15.71 | 0.01 | 0.24 |
| BUN | -5.65 | -10.53 to -0.49 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
| Model 2 | ||||
| KIM-1 | 39.54 | 18.26 to 64.65 | 0.27 | 0.0001 |
| Microalbumin | 4.85 | -14.14 to 28.03 | 0.27 | 0.64 |
| Proteins | 3.15 | -6.26 to 13.52 | 0.49 | 0.53 |
| BUN | -4.66 | -9.83 to 0.80 | 0.08 | 0.10 |
| Model 3 | ||||
| KIM-1 | 26.59 | 7.82 to 48.62 | 0.13 | 0.005 |
| Microalbumin | -2.80 | -20.42 to 18.78 | 0.09 | 0.78 |
| Proteins | 0.66 | -8.65 to 10.92 | 0.11 | 0.89 |
| BUN | -3.69 | -8.99 to 1.91 | 0.07 | 0.19 |
All data were log-transformed and estimated effect size is given as % estimated effect size calculated for a two-fold increase in urinary cadmium concentrations (μg/g creatinine) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval, R2 gives the explained variance.
Abbreviations: KIM-1, kidney injury molecule 1; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CI, confidence interval
Model 1: unadjusted but given as function of creatinine
Model 2: adjusted for creatinine (except for blood urea nitrogen), sex, age, past smoking, body mass index and socio-economic status
Model 3: adjusted for sex, age, past smoking, body mass index and socio-economic status; given as a function of creatinine.