Table 4. Factors associated with prevalent and recent HIV infection among female sex workers, Kigali, Rwanda.
| Risk factor | No. HIV+ (Total N = 192) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P value | No. Recent Infection (N = 21) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P value |
| Current age (in years): | ||||||
| 18–24 | 24 | – REF – | 11 | –REF– | ||
| 25–29 | 31 | 1.4 (1.0, 2.2) | 0.08 | 6 | 0.9 (0.3, 2.5) | 0.84 |
| 30–34 | 21 | 2.5 (1.6, 4.0) | <0.001 | 2 | 0.7 (0.2, 3.4) | 0.69 |
| ≥35 | 19 | 2.4 (1.5, 3.9) | <0.001 | 2 | 0.9 (0.2, 3.9) | 0.83 |
| District of residence: | ||||||
| Nyarugenge | 45 | – REF – | 5 | – REF – | ||
| Gasabo | 71 | 1.6 (1.1, 2.5) | 0.02 | 10 | 2.1 (0.7, 6.2) | 0.19 |
| Kicukiro | 76 | 2.5 (1.7, 3.8) | <0.001 | 6 | 1.8 (0.5, 6.0) | 0.34 |
| Currently breastfeeding | 40 | 0.3 (0.2, 0.5) | <0.001 | 10 | 0.9 (0.4, 2.3) | 0.86 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Never married | 130 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.85 | 16 | 0.9 (0.3, 2.8) | 0.89 |
| Divorced | 24 | 0.7 (0.4, 1.1) | 0.13 | 3 | 1.0 (0.3, 3.7) | 0.95 |
| Widowed | 37 | 1.8 (1.1, 3.1) | 0.03 | 2 | 1.3 (0.3, 6.9) | 0.75 |
| Used condom at last sex | 138 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | 0.49 | 12 | 0.4 (0.2, 1.0) | 0.06 |
| Cleansed vagina before last sex | 100 | 1.5 (1.1, 2.1) | 0.02 | 12 | 1.9 (0.8, 4.6) | 0.17 |
| Years working as sex worker: | ||||||
| ≤1 | 29 | – REF – | 10 | – REF – | 0.11 | |
| 2–3 | 60 | 0.8 (0.5, 1.4) | 0.51 | 4 | 0.4 (0.1, 1.4) | 0.13 |
| 4–5 | 35 | 0.9 (0.5, 1.6) | 0.67 | 4 | 0.7 (0.2, 2.7) | 0.61 |
| ≥6 | 54 | 1.0 (0.6, 1.9) | 0.90 | 3 | 0.5 (0.1, 2.2) | 0.37 |
| History of forced sex | 72 | 2.2 (1.5, 3.2) | <0.001 | 8 | 2.3 (0.9, 5.8) | 0.07 |
| No. vaginal sex acts in past month: | ||||||
| <20 | 31 | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | 0.16 | 4 | 2.3 (0.4, 12.7) | 0.34 |
| 20–39 | 57 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | 0.60 | 10 | 3.6 (0.8, 16.9) | 0.10 |
| 40–59 | 42 | 0.9 (0.5, 1.5) | 0.65 | 4 | 2.0 (0.4, 10.9) | 0.44 |
| 60–89 | 45 | – REF – | 2 | –REF– | ||
| ≥90 | 17 | 0.8 (0.4, 1.5) | 0.45 | 1 | 1.0 (0.1, 11.2) | 1.0 |
| No. clients per week in last month: | ||||||
| <5 | 31 | 0.7 (0.4, 1.2) | 0.14 | 5 | 2.1 (0.4, 11.2) | 0.37 |
| 5–9 | 59 | 1.1 (0.7, 1.8) | 0.75 | 9 | 3.2 (0.7, 15.1) | 0.14 |
| 10–15 | 52 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.5) | 0.69 | 4 | 1.3 (0.2, 7.2) | 0.77 |
| 16–25 | 39 | – REF – | 2 | –REF– | ||
| >25 | 10 | 0.7 (0.3, 1.6) | 0.38 | 1 | 1.2 (0.1, 13.3) | 0.90 |
| Have an HIV+ sex partner | 11 | 0.5 (0.3, 1.0) | 0.05 | 1 | 0.4 (0.1, 3.3) | |
| No. lifetime HIV tests: | ||||||
| None | 97 | – REF – | 7 | –REF– | ||
| 1 | 64 | 0.6 (0.4, 0.9) | 0.02 | 5 | 0.6 (0.2, 1.9) | 0.39 |
| ≥2 | 31 | 0.3 (0.2 0.5) | <0.01 | 9 | 1.1 (0.4, 3.1) | 0.82 |
| HIV tested in past 6 months | 4 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) | <0.001 | 1 | 0.3 (0.1, 2.4) | 0.27 |
| Had ≥1 genital symptom in last month | 50 | 1.5 (1.0, 2.2) | 0.05 | 7 | 1.9 (0.7, 4.8) | 0.20 |
| Sought STI treatment in last 3 months | 34 | 2.2 (1.3, 3.5) | <0.01 | 6 | 3.8 (1.4, 10.3) | <0.01 |
| Regular alcohol consumption | 120 | 1.5 (1.0, 2.1) | 0.03 | 9 | 0.6 (0.3, 1.5) | 0.31 |
| History of imprisonment | 89 | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) | 0.01 | 6 | 0.6 (0.2, 1.5) | 0.25 |
| HSV-2 seropositive | 167 | 7.9 (4.5, 13.8) | <0.001 | 20 | 17.0 (2.3, 128.6) | <0.01 |
| Currently pregnant | 10 | 0.6 (0.3, 1.1) | 0.11 | 2 | 1.0 (0.2, 4.4) | 0.97 |