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Interactive signaling pathways for chronic inactivity with aging and underlying disease. Stress protective pathways, including HSPs, IGF-1, and PGC-1, may be targets of both aging and inactivity exacerbating sarcopenia and myopathy. HSPs, heat-shock proteins; PGC-1, PPAR-gamma coactivator 1; SIRT, sirtuin; ROS, reactive oxygen species; AOX, antioxidant enzymes.
