Fig. 2.

Roles of ZIP and ZnT Zn transporter family members in intracellular signaling. a The signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) downstream target ZIP6 is required for nuclear translocation of the Zn-finger transcription factor Snail, which regulates gastrular cell movement in zebrafish. b ZIP13 is required for the nuclear translocation of Smads in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling, and is involved in tooth, bone, and connective tissue development. c ZIP14, which facilitates G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by inhibiting hormone-stimulated phosphodiesterase (PDE) in the pituitary gland, liver, and cartilage, is required for endocrine reactions and systemic growth. d ZnT5 controls protein kinase C (PKC) translocation to the plasma membrane, leading to nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-mediated cytokine production in mast cells under Fc epsilon receptor I (FcεRI) signaling. e Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation alters the expression of ZIP and ZnT family Zn transporters, resulting in downregulated intracellular Zn levels, followed by dendritic cell maturation and immune responses. TLR Toll-like receptor