Figure 2.

S1P₁ Receptor Agonism Suppresses Early Proinflammatory Cytokine and Chemokine Production and Recruitment of Activated Innate Immune Cells during Human Pathogenic H1N1:2009 Swine Influenza Virus Infection

(A–D) Mice were infected with 1 × 10⁵ PFU A/Wisconsin/WSLH34939/09 influenza virus, and either vehicle (water), CYM-5442 (2 mg/kg) (1, 13, 25, and 37 hr postinfection), or RP-002 (2 mg/kg on 1 and 25 hr postinfection) were administered i.t. to mice. Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were measured 48 hr postinfection in BALF by ELISA in either CYM-5442- (A) or RP-002-treated mice (C). Total numbers of innate immune cells were quantified from collagenase-digested lungs by flow cytometry at 48 hr postinfluenza virus infection in mice treated with either CYM-5442 (B) or RP-002 (D). Data represent average ± SEM from four to five mice per group. ^∗p < 0.05; ^∗∗p < 0.005; ^∗∗∗p < 0.0005. Results are representative of two independent experiments. See also Figure S3.