Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics and Group Difference
| Characteristic | Total sample (N = 1363) | Disadvantaged group (n = 237) | Advantaged group (n = 1126) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal education a | 14.23 (2.5) | 12.49 (2.1) | 14.6 (2.4)*** |
| Maternal age a | 28.11 (5.6) | 23.79 (5.2) | 29.02 (5.3)*** |
| Income to needs ratio a | 3.35 (2.7) | 1.29 (1.3) | 3.79 (2.7)*** |
| Father in the home a | .83 (.3) | .11 (.2) | .98 (.1)*** |
| Child’s race/ethnicity b | |||
| Caucasian American | 80.4% | 48.7% | 87.1%*** |
| African American | 12.9% | 40.8% | 7.0% |
| Asian American | 1.6% | 0.8% | 1.8% |
| Native American | 0.4% | 0% | 0.4% |
| Other | 4.7% | 9.7% | 3.6% |
| Parenting stress a | 51.83(9.7) | 53.69 (10.94) | 51.44 (9.32)*** |
| Depression a | 9.21(7.2) | 13.06 (8.34) | 8.43 (6.68)*** |
| Stressful life events a | 1.13 (.8) | 1.56(.99) | 1.04(.73)*** |
| Home environment a | 41.45(7.4) | 35.11(7.97) | 42.63(6.68)*** |
| Parental sensitivity a | 17.19 (2.78) | 15.28(3.46) | 17.53(2.49)*** |
| Prosocial problem solving a | .61(.42) | .49(.44) | .64(.41)*** |
| Preschool language a | 99.63(20.39) | 82.73(20.99) | 101.84(19.5)*** |
| Inattention a | 9.14 (7.59) | 10.89(7.18) | 8.83(7.63)** |
| Early reading achievement a | 111.99(15.79) | 106.65(15.94) | 112.97(15.57)*** |
| Early math achievement a | 110.8(17.14) | 102.64(17.29) | 112.3(16.69)*** |
Note.
a
Group differences were tested using a bivariate regression analysis (with class membership = predictor).
b
Group differences were tested using a χ2 test.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.