Table 2.
Participant variables related to knowledge of German or valence toward German.
| Variable | Mean | SD | Range (min–max) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Self-rated proficiency (average) | 2.1 | 1.1 | 1.3–3.0 |
| Age of initial German language education (years) | 13.5 | 5.0 | 12–23 |
| Duration of German language education (years) | 3.2 | 2.4 | 0–6 |
| German language proficiency, global test | 14.7 | 3.5 | 9–22 |
| German language proficiency, specific | 3.7 | 1.3 | 1–6 |
| Comfortable–uncomfortable using German | 1.9 | 1.4 | 1–3 |
| Like–dislike using German | 3.5 | 1.8 | 1–5 |
| Important–non-important to use German | 2.5 | 2.5 | 1–5 |
| Easy-difficult to use German | 3.1 | 1.5 | 2–4 |
| Recent exposure to German | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0–1 |