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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Sep 20.
Published in final edited form as: J Ethn Subst Abuse. 2010;9(2):106–114. doi: 10.1080/15332641003772587

Table 2.

Withdrawal symptoms and craving in Caucasian, African-American and Hispanic participants

Race/ Ethnic Group Caucasian
n = 558A 		African-
American
n = 93B 		Hispanic
n = 73C 		p-value
COWS, mean score ± SD
 At Induction 5.3 ± 3.7 3.1 ± 2.9 5.4 ± 5.7 <0.001
 At RandomizationD 1.0 ± 1.3 0.8 ± 1.3 0.8 ± 1.2 0.704
ARSW, mean score ± SD
 At Induction 40.7 ± 31.3 28.0 ± 28.9 46.2 ± 36.5 <0.001
 At RandomizationD 11.0 ± 15.3 7.1 ± 17.6 9.4 ± 13.2 0.406
VAS, mean score ± SD
 At Induction 49.4 ± 29.7 31.6 ± 28.2 49.8 ± 27.6 < 0.001
 At RandomizationD 13.2 ± 20.5 9.1 ± 16.1 9.4 ± 14.7 0.760
A

At randomization, the sample size is reduced to 391for COWS, and 392 for ARSW and VAS.

B

At Randomization, the sample size is reduced to 60 for COWS, ARSW, and VAS.

C

At randomization, the sample size is reduced to 48 for COWS, ARSW, and VAS.

D

Adjusted for buprenorphine dose at randomization.