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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Apr 22.
Published in final edited form as: Immunity. 2011 Apr 22;34(4):466–478. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.04.008

Figure 1. The Tide Model for the Control of Immune Response.

Figure 1

We define primary signal as a triggering signal or signals which initiate specific immune cell response to extracellular stimuli. The co-signals, which could be either costimulatory or coinhibitory, are modulator of signal one, and decide the direction and magnitude of a cellular reaction, leading to activation of naïve cells (Response), deactivation of already activated cells (De-response) or unresponsiveness (Un-response).