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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Sep 16.
Published in final edited form as: ACS Chem Biol. 2011 Jul 20;6(9):952–961. doi: 10.1021/cb200205z

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Analysis of growth factor regulation of SMA expression in epicardial cells. a,d,g,j) Epicardial cells cultured in low-serum medium did not express SMA. b,e,h,k) Growth factors added to low-serum medium induced high levels of epicardial SMA expression. c,f,m) Epicardial cells cultured with growth factors and treated with DM/LDN-193189 significantly inhibited SMA expression compared to untreated cells. i,m) Epicardial cells cultured with growth factors and treated with the BMP-specific inhibitor DMH1 marginally inhibited SMA expression. l,m) Epicardial cells cultured with growth factors and treated with DMH4 were unaffected (from growth factor p=0.237). n–p) Epicardial cells cultured in BMP2, or 4 did not stimulate SMA expression, at low or high concentrations. q–r, t–u) Conversely, TGFβ1 treatment stimulated expression of the early differentiation markers, SMA and SM22. s,v) TGFβ1–induced SMA and SM22 expression was ablated by addition of DM. [n=≥20 images; Scale bar=50µm; (*p<0.01; ~p<0.05) TGFβ=Transforming Growth Factor β; BMP=Bone Morphogenetic Protein].