A genetic and cellular program for regeneration of the planarian protonephridia. (A) Model for protonephridia regeneration: neoblasts (dark blue, dividing cell expressing smedwi-1 and histone H2B) produce a transient population of nephridia precursor cells (light blue) that co-expresses Six1/2-2, Eya, Osr, POU2/3, Sall and SMEDWI-1. Some cells expressing Six1/2-2, POU2/3 and Sall were found to express neoblast-specific H2B (S-phase marker) and/or smedwi-1 mRNA. Dotted box indicates that data cannot distinguish whether this precursor population is homogeneous or heterogeneous in potential. Precursor cells differentiate either as a tubule cell (green), maintaining expression of POU2/3, Sall and Osr and expressing rootletin and cubilin, or as a tubule-associated cell (magenta), maintaining Six1/2-2 expression and expressing CA. (B) Schematic of the planarian protonephridial system. Genes expressed in either tubule (green and yellow), tubule-associated cells (magenta) or tubule-associated cells-2 (orange) are listed.