Figure 1.

Mean phenotype frequency and standard error in generations 1501–3000, across 10 repeats of the simulation for each value of the number of steps J ((a) J = 5; (b) J = 10; (c) J = 30; (d) J = 50; (e) J = 70; (f) J = 100). Population size n = 300, number of generations G = 3000, memory factor α = 0.5, probability of erroneous joining β = 0, probability of social learning error θ = 0. Phenotypes 1–10 are as described in table 2. Phenotypes 7 and 8 are the part-time scroungers that apply exclusively social learning using simple and complex learning rules, respectively. Missing error bars imply that the standard error is too small to be visible. Complete fixation of dominating strategies was prevented by recurrent mutations.