Figure 5.

Mean phenotype frequency for different probabilities ((a) β = 0.1; (b) β = 0.15; (c) β = 0.2) of erroneous joining. Means are calculated for generations 1501–3000 across 10 repeats of each simulation. Population size n = 300, generation lifespan J = 70 steps, number of generations G = 3000, memory factor α = 0.5, probability of social learning error θ = 0. Phenotypes 1–10 are as described in table 2 (successful phenotypes here: phenotype 8, part-time scrounger that applies exclusive social learning and a complex learning rule; phenotype 3, pure producer that uses a complex learning rule).