FIG. 2.

HFD induces systemic insulin resistance in 3 days. A: C57BL/6J male mice were treated with NCD or HFD and subjected to oral glucose (Glc) tolerance test. n = 8 at each time point. ***P < 0.001 NCD vs. 3-day HFD. B: Blood insulin levels at time 0 and 10 min after glucose injection. Basal insulin level was significantly elevated by 3 days of HFD and then further increase was detected significantly by 5 and 10 weeks of HFD. n = 8. *P < 0.05 NCD vs. 3-day HFD; ***P < 0.001 NCD vs. 3-day HFD; †P < 0.05 3-day HFD vs. 10-week HFD; ††P < 0.01 3-day HFD vs. 10-week HFD. C–H: Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was performed in mice treated with HFD for different periods; n = 8 (NCD, and 3-day and 1-week HFD mice) or n = 6 (10-week HFD mice). C: Basal blood glucose level (before clamp). **P < 0.01. D: Basal hepatic glucose production. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01. E: GIR. **P < 0.01. F: ISGDR. **P < 0.01. G: Insulin-dependent suppression of hepatic glucose. **P < 0.01. H: Suppression of plasma FFA level by insulin. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01.