Table 4.

SHEAR loading: Slope values in N/mm, characterizing the effective passive stiffness of ring modules, were calculated based on linear trends between zero and maximum displacement points

Passive Stiffness Values Average ± St.Deviation (N/mm)		SHEAR loading
		negative direction	positive direction	both directions	overall
TWIN RING module	± 3 mm	26.8 ± 0.1	28.9 ± 0.4	27.9 ± 1.1	27.9 ± 1.3
	± 5 mm	29.3 ± 0.5	26.6 ± 0.5	28.0 ± 1.5
SINGLE RING module	± 3 mm	19.3 ± 0.6	15.9 ± 0.5	17.6 ± 1.9	18.5 ± 5.3
	± 5 mm	26.4 ± 0.6	12.4 ± 0.3	19.4 ± 7.4