Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with engaging in disorderly income generation activities among injection drug users (n=874)
| Characteristic | Disorderly income generation a |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | ORb (95% CI) | p-value | AORb (95% CI) | p-value | |
| n= 418, n (%) | n= 456, n (%) | |||||
| Age | ||||||
| Per year older | 43 (38–50) c | 46 (41–51) c | 0.97 (0.95 – 0.98) | <0.001 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Daily Expenditure on Drugs | ||||||
| Per additional $10 | 50 (30–100) c | 30 (10–60) c | 1.05 (1.03 – 1.07) | <0.001 | 1.02 (1.00 – 1.03) | 0.066 |
|
| ||||||
| Female Gender | ||||||
| Yes | 165 (39) | 145 (32) | 1.40 (1.06 – 1.85) | 0.018 | ||
| No | 253 (61) | 311 (68) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Aboriginal Ancestry | ||||||
| Yes | 152 (36) | 160 (35) | 1.06 (0.80 – 1.39) | 0.694 | ||
| No | 266 (64) | 296 (65) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Unstable Housing (current) | ||||||
| Yes | 110 (26) | 58 (13) | 2.45 (1.73 – 3.48) | <0.001 | ||
| No | 308 (74) | 398 (87) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| High School Education | ||||||
| Yes | 199 (48) | 248 (54) | 0.76 (0.58 – 0.99) | 0.045 | ||
| No | 219 (52) | 208 (46) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Regular Employment d | ||||||
| Yes | 55 (13) | 137 (30) | 0.35 (0.25 – 0.50) | <0.001 | 0.47 (0.32 – 0.69) | <0.001 |
| No | 363 (87) | 319 (70) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Daily Cocaine Injection d | ||||||
| Yes | 49 (12) | 18 (4) | 3.23 (1.85 – 5.64) | <0.001 | 2.11 (1.13 – 3.96) | 0.020 |
| No | 369 (88) | 438 (96) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Daily Heroin Injection d | ||||||
| Yes | 110 (26) | 43 (9) | 3.43 (2.34 – 5.03) | < 0.001 | ||
| No | 308 (74) | 413 (91) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Daily Crack Smoking d | ||||||
| Yes | 213 (51) | 74 (16) | 5.36 (3.92 – 7.34) | < 0.001 | 3.29 (2.32 – 4.66) | < 0.001 |
| No | 205 (49) | 382 (84) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Overdose (non-fatal) d | ||||||
| Yes | 20 (5) | 7 (2) | 3.22 (1.35 – 7.70) | 0.006 | ||
| No | 398 (95) | 449 (98) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Binge Drug Used | ||||||
| Yes | 230 (55) | 150 (33) | 2.50 (1.90 – 3.28) | < 0.001 | 1.57 (1.14 – 2.16) | 0.006 |
| No | 188 (45) | 306 (67) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Encounters with Police d | ||||||
| Yes | 129 (31) | 50 (11) | 3.62 (2.53 – 5.19) | < 0.001 | 2.49 (1.65 – 3.75) | < 0.001 |
| No | 289 (69) | 406 (89) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Victim of Violence d | ||||||
| Yes | 84 (20) | 42 (9) | 2.48 (1.66 – 3.69) | < 0.001 | 1.69 (1.07 – 2.68) | 0.025 |
| No | 334 (80) | 414 (91) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Syringe Sharing d | ||||||
| Yes | 28 (7) | 4 (1) | 8.11 (2.82 – 23.33) | < 0.001 | 4.42 (1.43 – 13.68) | 0.010 |
| No | 390 (93) | 452 (99) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Public Injecting d | ||||||
| Yes | 148 (35) | 52 (11) | 4.26 (3.00 – 6.05) | < 0.001 | 2.27 (1.51 –3.39) | < 0.001 |
| No | 270 (65) | 404 (89) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Unprotected Sex d | ||||||
| Yes | 113 (27) | 98 (21) | 1.35 (0.99 – 1.85) | 0.056 | ||
| No | 305 (73) | 358 (79) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Recent Incarceration d | ||||||
| Yes | 65 (16) | 30 (7) | 2.61 (1.66 – 4.12) | < 0.001 | ||
| No | 353 (84) | 426 (93) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Methadone Treatment (current) | ||||||
| Yes | 188 (45) | 218 (48) | 0.89 (0.68 – 1.16) | 0.402 | ||
| No | 230 (55) | 238 (52) | ||||
Note:
a
Disorderly income generation includes: recycling, squeegeeing, panhandling, selling drugs, and engaging in sex work measured in the last six months;
b
OR = Odds Ratio, CI = Confidence Interval, AOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio;
c
Median and Interquartile Range;
d
Denotes activities or situations referring to previous 6 months.