Table 2.
Potential Determinants of Whole-Body BMD: Analysis by Gender
| Male | Female | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Univariate β estimate | Multivariatea β estimate | Univariate β estimate | Multivariateb β estimate |
| Lean body mass (kg) | 0.005*** | 0.006*** | 0.007*** | 0.006*** |
| Age (per increase of 5 years) | 0.003 | 0.002 | −0.03** | −0.02*** |
| Race (non-African American/African American) | −0.04 | 0.04 | −0.18*** | −0.14*** |
| Methadone | −0.03 | NS | −0.05* | −0.05*** |
| HIVc | 0.02 | NS | −0.04 | −0.03 |
| Smokingd | 0.02 | NS | −0.04 | NS |
| Alcohole | NS | NS | ||
| 0 (no use) | Ref | Ref | ||
| 1 (<3 drinks/day) | 0.03 | 0.05* | ||
| 2 (≥3 drinks/day) | −0.007 | 0.01 | ||
| Drug usef | NS | NS | ||
| 0 (no use) | Ref | Ref | ||
| 1 (<3 times/week) | 0.005 | 0.01 | ||
| 2 (≥3 times/week) | −0.02 | 0.05 | ||
| Hypogonadalg/menopausalh | −0.01 | NS | −0.1*** | NS |
| Hepatitis Ci | 0.005 | NS | −0.02 | NS |
| Fat body mass (kg) | <0.01 | NS | < 0.01* | NS |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.007** | NS | 0.005** | (Not included) |
| DHEA (tertiles)j | NS | NS | ||
| 1 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 2 | −0.04 | 0.05 | ||
| 3 | 0.0004 | 0.07** | ||
| Estradiol (tertiles)j | NS | NS | ||
| 1 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 2 | −0.003 | 0.04 | ||
| 3 | 0.02 | 0.08** | ||
| IL-6 (tertiles)j | NS | NS | ||
| 1 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 2 | −0.006 | −0.01 | ||
| 3 | −0.004 | −0.02 | ||
| CRP (tertiles)j | NS | NS | ||
| 1 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 2 | −0.03 | 0.03 | ||
| 3 | −0.007 | 0.03 | ||
| TNF-α (tertiles)j | NS | NS | ||
| 1 | Ref | Ref | ||
| 2 | −0.03 | −0.03 | ||
| 3 | 0.006 | −0.03 | ||
NS = nonsignificant.
Note: Items in boldface denote significant p values:
p < .05.
p < .01.
p < .0001.
Final model R2 value = 0.12, R2 adjusted = 0.1, p < .0001, n = 186.
Final model R2 value = 0.38, R2 adjusted = 0.36, p < .0001, n = 150.
Self-report, HIV+ by testing, or history of past or present use of antiretroviral therapy.
Determined by answering yes to having smoked cigarettes in the past 6 months (irrespective of quantity).
Equivalent of 1 drink is 8 fluid ounces of beer or wine, 4 fluid ounces of liquor or malt, and 1 fluid ounce of vodka.
Includes marijuana, crack/freebase, cocaine (snorting, injection), speedball (injection), heroin (smoking, snorting, injection), and street methadone in the past 6 months.
Defined as having free testosterone level < 52 pg/mL or currently on testosterone-replacement therapy.
Defined as having an FSH level > 50 mIU/mL, age ≥ 51 years, or an FSH level >30 and ≤50 mIU/mL and answered yes to having gone through menopause.
Self-report.
Obtained by plotting continuous lab values, 0 representing the lowest tertile, 1 the middle tertile, and 2 the highest tertile.