Figure 2.

Map of the SAFE Project, located in Malaysian Borneo. The project encompasses a gradient of forest modification encompassing (a) old growth and lightly logged forest; (b) continuous, twice-logged forest; (c) twice-logged and fragmented forest in an oil palm matrix and (d) continuous oil palm plantation. (e) The fragmentation experiment comprises six blocks (A–F), each with seven fragments arranged as shown in figure 1. In addition to the experimental fragments themselves, sampling across edge gradients will occur in a Virgin Jungle Reserve (VJR) adjacent to the experimental area and at the edge of continuous logged forest (LFE) to the north of the experimental area. Fragments are currently embedded in a twice-logged forest landscape that will be converted to oil palm as part of the experiment (labelled ‘oil palm (future)’). The riparian corridor experiment comprises six watersheds located within the experimental area. Sampling points show the locations of the second-order fractals across the study area. The OG3 block of control sites in Maliau Basin falls within the water catchment of the Maliau Basin Field Centre and has been selectively logged.