Table 2.
Demographic, clinical, and psychological characteristics of male and female participants
| Male (n = 828) | Female (n = 828) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | ||||
| Age (Mean, SD) | 65 | (10.0) | 67 | (10.6)** |
| Dutch or Caucasian ethnicity | 98% | (799/815) | 98% | (797/816) |
| Level of education | ** | |||
| Low education | 73% | (577/795) | 87% | (688/793) |
| Average education | 21% | (166/795) | 9% | (72/793) |
| High education | 6% | (51/795) | 4% | (32/793) |
| Marital Status | ** | |||
| Married | 83% | (681/819) | 68% | (558/819) |
| Single | 8% | (69/819) | 7% | (56/819) |
| Widow/widower | 5% | (43/819) | 22% | (181/819) |
| Other | 3% | (26/819) | 3% | (24/819) |
| Medical history | ||||
| Peripheral arterial disease | 25% | (195/797) | 22% | (172/800) |
| Bypass or angioplasty | 17% | (140/807) | 9% | (72/801)** |
| Myocardial infarction | 15% | (123/804) | 7% | (57/801)** |
| Stroke | 8% | (62/806) | 6% | (48/801) |
| Angina pectoris | 13% | (100/798) | 9% | (72/795)* |
| Kidney failure | 3% | (27/799) | 4% | (32/797) |
| Retinopathy | 4% | (25/627) | 5% | (28/594) |
| Foot problem | 62% | (400/645) | 64% | (417/653) |
| Clinical variables | ||||
| HbA1c (Mean, SD) | 6.7 | (0.8) | 6.7 | (0.9) |
| BMI (Mean, SD) | 28.1 | (4.0) | 29.9 | (5.4)** |
| Cholesterol (Mean, SD) | 4.3 | (0.9) | 4.7 | (1.0)** |
| LDL (Mean, SD) | 2.5 | (0.8) | 2.7 | (0.8)** |
| HDL (Mean, SD) | 1.2 | (0.3) | 1.3 | (0.4)** |
| Systolic blood pressure (Mean, SD) | 141.1 | (17.8) | 141.0 | (18.4) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (Mean, SD) | 78.4 | (9.4) | 77.8 | (9.4) |
| Diabetes duration > 3 years | 59% | (486/828) | 57% | (475/828) |
| Diabetes treatment | ||||
| No treatment | 1% | (8/823) | 1% | (8/817) |
| Diet | 18% | (148/823) | 17% | (135/817) |
| Diet and oral agents | 76% | (621/823) | 76% | (617/817) |
| Diet and insulin | 1% | (8/823) | 2% | (12/817) |
| Diet, oral agents, and insulin | 4% | (35/823) | 6% | (45/817) |
| Other | 0% | (3/823) | - | |
| Psychological variables | ||||
| Self-reported history of depression | 8% | (60/800) | 13% | (102/798)** |
Note. Means of males and females are compared with independent samples t-tests, percentages are compared with χ2-tests. * p < .05, ** p < .001