Table 1.
Anthropometric and clinical characteristics of the study populations.
| Characteristics | Phase 1 | Phase 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type 2 diabetes patients | Control Subjects | Type 2 diabetes Patients | Control Subjects | |
| N (Men/Women) | 1019 (592/427) | 1006 (606/400) | 1047 (619/428) | 1038 (516/522) |
| Age (years) | 53 (45–62) | 50 (44–60) | 55 (49–62) | 54 (45–64) |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | ||||
| Men | 23.80 (22.00–26.00) | 23.10 (20.10–5.70) | 24.82 (22.68–27.76) | 24.68 (22.35–27.39) |
| Women | 26.70 (24.20–29.20) | 25.00 (21.10–8.50) | 27.39 (24.56–30.63) | 26.37 (23.13–29.33) |
| WHR | ||||
| Men | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.97 (0.92–1.0) | 0.98 (0.95–1.03) | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) |
| Women | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.86 (0.82–0.92) | 0.93 (0.87–0.97) | 0.86 (0.82–0.90) |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 130 (130–140) | 120 (112–132) | 130 (122–140) | 130 (120–140) |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 80 (78–90) | 80 (70–88) | 82 (80–90) | 80 (78–90) |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.80 (6.50–9.40) | 5.20 (4.90–5.60) | 8.20 (6.90–9.60) | 5.65 (5.33–5.89) |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 7.90 (6.40–10.30) | 4.90 (4.50–5.30) | 7.79 (6.21–10.27) | 4.87 (4.43–5.27) |
| 2h PPG (mmol/L) | 5.57 (4.83–6.30) | 5.63 (4.88–6.22) | ||
| FPI (pmol/L) | 82.80 (42.0–166.80) | 32.40 (17.40–57.60) | 74.40 (26.00–96.00) | 43.80 (28.20–63.60) |
| HOMA-IR | 5.20 (2.30–9.60) | 1.20 (0.60–2.00) | 4.30 (2.30–9.30) | 1.60 (1.00–2.40) |
| HOMA-B | 60.25 (25.3–154.51) | 73.40 (40.70–138.60) | 61.66 (25.61–131.86) | 105.27 (65.13–167.32) |
| HOMA-S | 0.20 (0.10–0.46) | 0.86 (0.49–1.69) | 0.23 (0.11–0.44) | 0.64 (0.42–1.03) |
| C-peptide (nmol/L) | 0.89 (0.56–1.36) | 0.53 (0.36–0.73) | 1.05 (0.69–1.60) | 0.66 (0.50–0.86) |
| CRP (mg/L) | 2.20 (0.90–4.70) | 1.30 (0.60–3.00) | 1.86 (0.90–3.44) | 1.61 (0.90–3.04) |
| TC (mmol/L) | 4.20 (3.50–5.00) | 4.40 (3.7–5.10) | 4.64 (3.86–5.42) | 4.91 (4.22–5.52) |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.57 (1.99–3.36) | 2.79 (2.33–3.41) | 2.73 (2.10–3.42) | 3.01 (2.49–3.51) |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.03 (0.88–1.22) | 1.06 (0.88–1.28) | 1.11 (0.94–1.34) | 1.24 (1.06–1.46) |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.60 (1.10–2.20) | 1.30 (1.00–1.80) | 1.43 (0.98–2.13) | 1.22 (0.86–1.64) |
Values provided are median (interquartile range).
N: number of individuals, BMI: body mass index, WHR: waist to hip ratio, BP: blood pressure, HbA1c: glycosylated haemoglobin 1c, FPG: fasting plasma glucose, 2h PPG: 2h postload plasma glucose, FPI: fasting plasma insulin, HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessments of insulin resistance, HOMA-B: homeostasis model assessments for β-cell function, HOMA-S: homeostasis model assessments for insulin sensitivity, CRP: C-reactive protein, TC: total cholesterol, LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, TG: triglyceride.