Table 2.
NF-κB activating and adaptor molecules in cancer
| NF-κB pathway | Cancer linkage | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Growth Factors | |||
| EGF | canonical | stimulates tumor cells proliferation; modulates tumor-associated angiogenesis and bone metastasis; regulates resistance to chemotherapy | [202-204] |
| NGF | canonical | promotes survival and proliferation of breast cancer cells | [205] |
| TGFβ | canonical | causes adenoma and adenocarcinoma; induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition in cancer | [206-209] |
| Kinases | |||
| IRAK | canonical | its polymorphism correlates with prostate cancer risk; its expression correlates with lung cancer development | [210-212] |
| RIP | canonical | mediates proliferation of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | [213] |
| MEKKs | canonical | essential for cancer cell survival | [214, 215] |
| Tpl2 | canonical | promotes cell migration and transformation | [216-218] |
| TBK1 | canonical | highly expressed in cancer; essential for KRAS-dependent cancer cells survival | [219, 220] |
| MLK3 | canonical | critical for cancer cell migration and invasion; highly expressed in breast cancer cells | [221, 222] |
| Raf | canonical | oncoprotein involved in various cancers; essential for the progression of metastatic melanoma and breast epithelial cancer | [223, 224] |
| TAK1 | canonical | required for progression and metastasis of breast cancer cells; required for R-RAS mediated transformation of mammary epithelial cells; suppresses procarcinogenic pathway in liver cancer | [225-227] |
| PKCs | canonical | promotes tumor progression and invasion | [228-230] |
| AKT | canonical | activated in multiple types of cancer; promotes cancer progression | [231, 232] |
| PKR | canonical | promotes cancer progression and metastasis | [233, 234] |
| PAK1 | canonical | overexpression and/or hyperactivation in cancer; promotes tumor progression and invasion | [235, 236] |
| CK2 | canonical | promotes tumorigenesis | [237] |
| NIK | both canonical and noncanonical | shows oncogenicity in vitro; elevated expression in various types of cancer | [103, 104, 238, 239] |
| Adaptors | |||
| Ras | canonical | promotes cancer proliferation, metastasis and invasion; commonly mutated in various cancers | [240, 241] |
| FADD | canonical | elevated in and associated with aggressive lung cancer | [242] |
| MyD88 | canonical | crucial for tumour promotion in models of spontaneous and carcinogeninduced intestinal tumorigenesis; required for RAS-mediated carcinogenesis | [243, 244] |
| Bcl10 | canonical | aberrant expression found in primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma | [245] |
| MALT1 | canonical | contributes to tumorigenesis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the activated B-cell subtype | [246] |
| CARMA1 | canonical | oncogenic mutation of CARMA1 is found in diffuse large B cell lymphoma; overexpressed in primary gastric B-cell lymphoma | [247, 248] |
| Viral oncoproteins | |||
| HTLV-1 Tax | both canonical and noncanonical | promotes cell transformation and tumor progress | [249] |
| EBV LMP-1 | both canonical and noncanonical | promotes cell transformation, tumor progress and migration in EBVassociated cancer | [250, 251] |
| Herpesvirus Tio | both canonical and noncanonical | essential for transformation of primary human T cells | [252-254] |
| KSHV K13 | both canonical and noncanonical | promotes cell transformation and tumor progress | [118, 255] |
EGF: epidermal growth factor; NGF: nerve growth factor; TGFβ: transforming growth factor beta; ROS: reactive oxygen species; HTLV-1: human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1; EBV: Epstein-Bar virus; LMP-1: latent membrane protein 1; Tio: two in one; KSHV: Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus; K13: FADD-like interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme (FLICE) inhibitory protein (vFLIP)