Table 1.
A summary of studies reporting bisexual behaviour among men who have sex with men in China
| Study Design | Sexual orientation % (n/N) | Condom usage % (n/N) | Quality Score | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First author, published year | Study Period (MM/YY) |
Study location | Age range (Mean) |
Recruitment method1 | Sampling method 2 | Sampling size | Percentage of married MSM | Had female partners in last six months | Types of female partner3 | Condom use at last sex act |
100% condom use in last six months | |
| East China | ||||||||||||
| Cai GF, 2008 [26] | 06/2006-12/2006 | Zhejiang | 16-46 | MSM Venues | - | 152 | 16.4% (25/152) | 18.9% (28/148) | Commercial | - | 33.3% (2/6) | 4 |
| Chen SC, 2007 [25] | 07/2005-09/2005 | Hangzhou | 18-70 (28.0) | MSM Venues, internet invitation | Snowball | 365 | 26.8% (97/362) | 11.5% (42/365) | Commercial | 75.0% (3/4) | 44.4% (4/9) | 4 |
| Choi KH, 2007 [39] | 09/2004-06/2005 | Shanghai | 18-56 (28.0) | MSM Venues | Snowball | 477 | 13.0% (62/477) | 25.2% (120/477) | - | - | - | 6 |
| Fu LJ, 2007 [23] | 02/2006-12/2006 | Zhejiang | 19-41 (26.0) | - | Snowball | 55 | 18.2% (10/55) | 16.4% (9/55) | - | - | - | 3 |
| Hu Q, 2006 [6] | 08/2005 | Jiangxi | 15-60 (25.0) | MSM Venues, internet advertisement | Snowball | 200 | 10.5% (21/200) | - | Overall | 51.1% (48/94) | - | 4 |
| Liao MZ, 2006 [27] | 09/2005-11/2005 | Shandong (Jinan, Yantai, Weihai) | 18-73 (26.0) | MSM Venues | - | 157 | 12.1% (19/157) | 22.9% (36/157) | Commercial | 78.6% (11/14) | 50.0% (7/14) | 3 |
| Ruan S, 2009 [16] | 03/2007-07/2007 | Jinan | N/A | Peer referral | RDS | 428 | 16.1% (69/428) |
Total: 33.6% (144/428) [Married: 97.1% (67/69); Unmarried: 21.4% (77/359)] |
- | - | - | 5 |
| 04/2008-06/2008 | Jinan | N/A | Peer referral | RDS | 500 | 25.4% (127/500) | Total: 32.6% (163/500) [Married: 78.0% (99/127); Unmarried: 17.2% (64/373)] | - | - | - | ||
| Wu J, 2008 [52] | 10/2006-12/2006 | Shanghai | 18-54 (26.6) | MSM Venues | - | 203 | 11.8% (24/203) | 43.3% (88/203) | Overall | 47.7% (42/88) | 34.1% (30/88) | 4 |
| Yang HT, 2006 [8] | 05/2004-07/2004 | Jiangsu | 18-56 (28.0) | MSM Venues, internet advertisement | - | 222 | 21.6% (48/222) | 45.9% (102/222) | Overall | - | 21.3% (23/108) | 5 |
| Zhu YW, 2007 [53] | 03/2006-07/2006 | Jinan | 17-66 (25.4) | CDC | - | 400 | 11.0% (44/400) | 20.0% (80/400) | Overall | - | 27.5% (22/80) | 4 |
| Northeast China | ||||||||||||
| Gu Y, 2004 [54] | 03/2003-04/2003 | Shenyang | 16-49 | MSM Venues | - | 342 | - | 36.3% (124/342) | - | - | - | 3 |
| Liu LY, 2008 [55] | 2006 | Mudanjiang | N/A (29.0) | MSM Venues | - | 202 | 16.8% (34/202) | - | Overall | 26.3% (20/76) | 24.0% (12/50) | 2 |
| Wang J, 2008 [56] | 08/2006-10/2006 | Harbin | N/A | MSM Venues | Convenience | 401 | - | 22.4% (90/401) | Overall | 48.9% (44/90) | - | 3 |
| Wang L, 2006 [57] | 07/2004 | Heilongjiang | 17-66 | MSM Venues | - | 397 | 12.6% (50/397) | 24.7% (98/397) | - | - | - | 3 |
| Zhang D, 2007 [58] | 2002 | Harbin | 18-67 | MSM Venues | - | 215 | - | 41.9% (90/215) | - | - | - | 5 |
| 2004 | Harbin | 18-67 | MSM Venues | - | 397 | - | 24.7% (98/397) | - | - | - | ||
| 2006 | Harbin | 18-67 | MSM Venues | - | 647 | - | 25.0% (162/648) | - | - | - | ||
| Zhao H, 2009 [59] | 01/2008-10/2008 | Harbin | 17-52 (25.0) | VCT Clinic | - | 89 | 7.9% (7/89) | 14.6% (13/89) | Overall | 53.8% (7/13) | 30.8% (4/13) | 2 |
| North China | ||||||||||||
| Guo W, 2008 [60] | 10/2007-11/2007 | Hebei | 18-54 | MSM Venues, internet chat rooms | - | 118 | 17.9% (19/106) | 33.0% (35/106) | - | - | - | 3 |
| Liu H, 2001 [61] | 08/2000-10/2000 | Beijing | 16/72 (30.1) | MSM Venues | TLS | 84 | 29.8% (25/84) | 27.4% (23/84) | - | - | - | 3 |
| Liu H, 2005 [10] | 09/2001-01/2002 | Beijing | 18-69 (27.0) | MSM Venues | - | 481 | 9.4% (45/481) | 30.1% (145/481) | Overall | - | 27.6% (40/145) | 4 |
| Liu H, 2007 [28] | 08/2005-12/2008 | Beijing | 18-55 (27.2) | MSM Venues | - | 416 | 11.5% (48/416) | 31.7% (132/416) | Commercial | - | 75.0% (12/16) | 4 |
| Regular | - | 16.5% (16/97) | ||||||||||
| Non-commercial casual | - | 40.7% (22/54) | ||||||||||
| Ma J, 2007 [62] | 04/2006-10/2006 | Tianjin | N/A (25.2) | Internet advertisement | - | 433 | 9.5% (41/433) | 22.9% (99/433) | - | - | - | 5 |
| Qu L, 2009 [63] | 10/2008-12/2008 | Inner Mongolia | 18-63 (27.0) | MSM Venues | - | 604 | 21.4% (129/604) | 19.7% (119/604) | Overall | 28.6% (34/119) | 19.3% (23/119) | 2 |
| Ruan Y, 2007 [30] | 06/2005-11/2005 | Beijing | 17-54 (26.2) | MSM Venues, peer referring, internet advertising | Snowball, convenience | 526 | 6.5% (34/526) | 10.6% (56/526) | Regular | - | 32.6% (14/43) | 5 |
| Non-commercial casual | - | 34.8% (8/23) | ||||||||||
| Wang CH, 2007 [12] | 06/2003-10/2006 | Chengde | 15-28 | MSM Venues | Snowball | 82 | 26.8% (22/82) | 22.0% (18/82) | - | - | - | 1 |
| Wang XL, 2009 [64] | 11/2008-12/2008 | Tangshan | 19-53 | MSM Venues | - | 114 | 50.0% (57/114) | 50.9% (58/114) - |
- | - | 2 | |
| South Central China | ||||||||||||
| Cai YM, 2009 [65] | 10/2007-12/2007 | Shenzhen | 18-45 (27.0) | MSM Venues | RDS | 351 | 21.9% (77/351) | 28.5% (100/351) | Overall | - | 36.8% (35/95) | 3 |
| He Q, 2005 [66] | 04/2003-05/2003 | Guangzhou | 18-55 | Peer referral, internet advertisement | Snowball | 121 | - | 21.5% (26/121) | Overall | - | 26.9% (7/26) | 4 |
| Li N, 2007 [40] | 2006 | Henan | 17-68 (28.3) | CDC | Continuous | 187 | 31.6% (59/187) | 36.9% (69/187) | - | - | - | 2 |
| Liu H, 2009 [45] | 2007 | Shenzhen | 18-45 | MSM Venues | RDS | 293 | 24.9% (73/293) | 25.9% (76/293) | Overall | - | 31.1% (91/293) | 5 |
| Xing JM, 2007 [41] | 10/2005-12/2005 | Hunan | 14-65 (29.8) | MSM Venues, internet invitation | - | 372 | 27.3% (101/370) | 29.0% (108/372) | Overall | - | 32.7% (33/101) | 3 |
| Xu YF, 2008 [67] | 08/2007-09/2007 | Nanning | 17-38 | Internet advertisement, peer referral | - | 230 | 6.1% (14/230) | 13.9% (32/230) | - | - | - | 2 |
| Zhong F, 2009 [64] | 05/2008-08/2008 | Guangzhou | ≥ 18 | VCT Clinic | RDS | 379 | 21.9% (83/379) | 28.2% (107/379) | - | - | - | 5 |
| Northwest China | ||||||||||||
| Miao ZF, 2009 [68] | 04/2008-06/2008 | Yinchuan | 18-55 (27.7) | MSM Venues, internet | Snowball | 312 | 24.4% (76/312) | 37.5% (117/312) | Overall | 47.0% (55/117) | - | 2 |
| Zhang M, 2009 [24] | 05/2008-06/2008 | Ürumqi | 18-54 (27.4) | - | RDS | 231 | 11.3% (26/231) | 16.9% (39/231) | - | - | - | 1 |
| Southwest China | ||||||||||||
| Feng L, 2009 [13] | 07/2006-11/2006 | Chongqing | ≥ 18 | MSM venues, community outreach, peer recruitment, web-based recruitment | VBS, CABC | 1000 | 18.2% (182/1000) | 24.5% (245/1000) | Overall | 36.3% (89/245) | 23.7% (58/245) | 5 |
| 07/2007-11/2007 | Chongqing | ≥ 18 | MSM venues, community outreach, peer recruitment, web-based recruitment | VBS, CABC | 1044 | 22.7% (237/1044) | 25.2% (263/1044) | Overall | 28.5% (75/263) | 22.4% (59/263) | ||
| Feng Y, 2010 [69] | 03/2007-07/2007 | Chengdu | 16-44 | MSM Venues | Snowball | 538 | 19.2% (96/500) | 26.5% (136/513) | - | - | - | 6 |
| Lau JT, 2009 [70] | 2005 | Kunming | 15-75 | MSM Venues, peer referral, internet recruitment | VBS, snowball | 387 | 20.4% (79/387) | 36.4% (141/387) | - | - | - | 5 |
| 2006 | Kunming | 15-75 | MSM Venues, peer referral, internet recruitment | VBS, snowball | 316 | 11.4% (36/316) | 30.1% (95/316) | - | - | - | ||
| Wang Y, 2008 [29] | 12/2006-01/2007 | Mianyang | 16-57 (24.8) | MSM Community | RDS | 201 | 7.5% (15/199) | 12.9% (26/201) | Overall | 57.7% (15/26) | 42.3% (11/26) | 4 |
| Commercial | 87.5% (7/8) | 62.5% (5/8) | ||||||||||
| Xiao Y, 2009 [71] | 07/2006-09/2007 | Chongqing | 18-68 (27.7) | MSM Venues, internet recruitment, community outreach, peer referral | VBS, snowball | 1692 | 17.1% (289/1692) | 21.6% (364/1689) | Overall | 35.8% (130/363) | 23.5% (85/362) | 6 |
| Zhou J, 2008 [72] | 09/2006-12/2006 | Guiyang | 15-49 (24.0) | Peer referral, internet recruitment | - | 406 | 5.2% (21/406) | 7.4% (30/406) | Overall | 63.3% (19/30) | - | 5 |
| Others | ||||||||||||
| Xiao Y, 2010 [73] | 07/2006-09/2006 | 20 cities from 7 provinces (Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Chongqing) | 15-68 (28.4) | Internet advertisement, community outreach, peer referral, MSM Venues | Snowball, VBS | 4983 | 27.2% (1354/4983) | 26.0% (1298/4983) | Overall | - | 18.2% (231/1266) | 6 |
| Zhang BC, 2007 [74] | 2004 | 6 cities (Chongqing, Shenyang, Dalian, Qingdao, Nanjing, Xi'an) |
15-72 (27.6) | MSM Venues | Snowball | 1389 | 17.9% (249/1389) | 42.4% (589/1389) | Overall | - | 23.6% (139/589) | 5 |
| Zhang BC, 2008 [5] | 2005-2006 | 9 cities (Harbin, Shenyang, Xi'an, Zhengzhou, Shanghai, Nanjing, Chongqing, Wuhan, Chengdu) | 13-78 (29.1) | MSM Venues | Snowball | 2250 | 24.7% (555/2246) | Total: 52.1% (548/1051) [Married: 74.0% (344/465); Unmarried: 34.8% (204/586)] | Overall | - | Total: 22.6% (190/839) [Married: 16.2% (65/401); Unmarried: 28.5% (125/438)] | 5 |
1 MSM Venues: including gay bars, parks, sauna, bathroom, dance clubs; VCT Clinic: HIV voluntary counseling and testing clinic
2 RDS: Respondent-Driven Sampling; TLS: time-location sampling; VBS: Venue-based sampling, CABC: Cruising area-based convenience sampling
3 Overall partnerships represent the combination of regular, non-commercial casual and commercial female partnerships.