Table 1.
Summary of prostate cancer associations with individual metabolites
| Prostate cancer association | Metabolite association | Specimen types | Analytical methods |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Increased in PCa vs. matched* benign tissue | total choline, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, phosphoethanolamine glycerophosphoethanolamine, lactate, alanine, sarcosine, uracil, kyurenine, glycerol-3-phosphate, leucine, proline | Prostatectomy, biopsy | HR-MAS, LC/GC-MS, GC-MS | 6, 19, 20, 24, 25, 37 |
| Increased in PCa vs. non-cancer specimen (unmatched) | total choline, free choline, sum of glycerophosphocholine+phosphocholine, lactate:alanine ratio, sarcosine, xylonic acid, dihydroxybutanoic acid | Biopsy, urine sediment or supernatant | HR-MAS, ID GC-MS, LC-MS/MS | 6, 21, 3, 34, 35 |
| Increased in metastases vs. primary tumor (unmatched) | sarcosine, uracil, kyurenine, glycerol-3-phosphate, leucine, proline | Biopsy of metastatic site, prostatectomy | LC/GC-MS | 6 |
| Increased in bone metastases vs. normal bone (matched) | sarcosine, cholesterol, myo-inositol-1-phosphate, citric acid, fumarate, glycerol-3-phosphase | Bone biopsy | GC-TOFMS, LC/MS | 38 |
| Increased in primary tumor from metastatic vs. non-metastatic disease | aspargine, threonine, fumaric acid linoleic acid | Biopsy | GC-TOFMS | 38 |
| Association with plasma levels from metastatic vs. non-metastatic disease | Increased glutamic acid, taurine, phenylalanine. Decreased stearic acid. | plasma | GC-TOFMS | 38 |
| Decreased in PCa vs. matched benign tissue | ethanolamine, citrate, spermine, spermidine, putrescine | Prostatectomy, biopsy | HR-MAS | 19, 20, 24, 25 |
| Decreased in PCa vs. non-cancer specimen (unmatched) | citrate, myo-inositol, spermine, valine-leucine, hydroxybutyrate, glutamine, pyrimidine, ribofuranoside, xylopyranose | Biopsy, EPF, urine supernatant | HR-MAS, 1H-NMR, ID GC-MS | 21, 22, 23, 34 |
| No association with prostate cancer vs. non-cancer specimen (unmatched) | sarcosine | Urine supernatant, serum | ID GC-MS, LC-MS/MS | 31, 33, 34, 36 |
| No association with metastases vs. primary tumor (unmatched) | sarcosine | Serum | LC-MS/MS | 36 |
| Association with increasing PSA | Decreased citrate, polyamines. Increased choline, phosphocholine. | Prostatectomy | HR-MAS | 26 |
| Association with increasing Gleason score | Increased total choline, free choline, phosphocholine, sum of glycerophosphocholine+phosphocholine. Decreased citrate, polyamines | Prostatectomy, biopsy | HR-MAS | 19, 21, 26 |
| Association with increasing stage | Decreased citrate, polyamines Increased choline, phosphocholine. | prostatectomy | HR-MAS | 26 |
| Association with increased probability of biochemical recurrence | spermine, glutamine, glutamate, myo-inositol, phosphoryl choline, scylloinositol | Biopsy | HR-MAS | 27 |
| No association with PSA, Gleason score, stage | sarcosine | Urine supernatant and sediment, serum, prostatectomy | ID GC-MS, LC-MS/MS, GC-MS | 31, 33, 35, 36, 37 |
Abbreviations: PCa, prostate cancer; EPF, expressed prostatic fluid; PSA, prostate specific antigen; %fPSA, percent free PSA; HR-MAS, high resolution magic angle spinning magnetic resonance spectroscopy; 1H-NMR, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; GC, gas chromatography; LC, liquid chromatography; MS, mass spectroscopy; ID, isotope dilution; MS/MS, tandem mass spectroscopy; TOFMS, time of flight mass spectrometry
“Matched” indicates that malignant tissue and benign or normal-appearing tissue came from prostatectomies or biopsies from men with prostate cancer. “Unmatched” indicates that the benign or normal-appearing tissue came from men without known prostate cancer.