Table 1.
Methodological features of studies included in meta-analysis.
| Authors | N at follow-up | Average age at follow-up | % Male | % White | Sample source | Length of follow-up | DSM version for ADHD | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| August et al. (2006) | ADHD: 109 Control: 91 | 18.3 | 74.58 | 89.55 | ADHD and Controls: School-based | 6-12 years | DSM-III-R | Marijuana & Alcohol Abuse & Dep.; Nicotine Use & Dep. |
| Barkley et al. (1990) | ADHD: 123 Control: 66 | 14.55 | 91.53 | Not provided | ADHD: clinical (psychological); Control: referrals from ADHD group | 8 years | Not provided | Marijuana, Alcohol, & Nicotine Use |
| Barman et al. (2004)i | ADHD: 672/705 Control: 1324/1369 | 14.04 | 50.09 | Not provided | ADHD, Control: population-based (Finnish registry) | 2-3 years | DSM-IV | Nicotine Use & Dep. |
| Biederman et al. (2006) | ADHD: 112 Control: 105 | 22 | 100 | 100 | ADHD: clinical (psychiatric, medical); Control: clinical (medical) | 10 years | DSM-III-R | Non-specific Abuse & Dep.; Alcohol Abuse & Dep.; Nicotine Dep. |
| Biederman et al. (1997) | ADHD: 128 Control: 109 | 14.77 | 100 | 100 | ADHD, Control: “psychiatric and nonpsychiatric settings” | 4 years | DSM-III-R | Marijuana & Cocaine Abuse & Dep. |
| Brook et al. (2008) | ADHD: 52 Control: 589 | 32 | 46.02 | 91 | ADHD, Control: Subset of nationally representative sample of northeastern U.S. | 19-22 years | DSM-IV | Nicotine Dep. |
| Burke et al. (2001) | ADHD: 108 Control: 96 | Not provided | 100 | 70 | ADHD, Control: clinical | 3 years | DSM-III-R | Nicotine Dep. |
| Claude &Firestone (1995) | ADHD: 52 Control: 52 | 19.7 | 100 | Not provided | ADHD: “clinical group;” Control: schools, community | 14.4 to 24.9 years for ADHD group | DSM-III-R | Non-specific Abuse & Dep.; Alcohol Abuse & Dep. |
| Elkins et al. (2007)ii | ADHD: Not provided Control: Not provided | 18.15 | 49.74 | 97.9 | ADHD, Control: population-based (Minnesota Twins) | 6-8 years | DSM-III-R, supplemented with DSM-IV | Marijuana & Alcohol Abuse & Dep.; Nicotine Dep. |
| Ernst et al. (2006) | ADHD: 50 Control: 28 | 16.0 | 69.23 | Not provided | ADHD, Control: clinical, newspapers | 3.8 years on average | DSM-IV | Marijuana, Alcohol, & Nicotine Use |
| Fergusson &Horwood (1995) | ADHD: 24 Control: 912 | 16 | Not provided | Not provided | ADHD, Control: Birth cohort | Approximately 1 year | DSM-III-R | Marijuana Use & Nicotine Dep. |
| Fischer et al. (2002) | ADHD: 147 Control: 73 | 20.5 | 91 | 94 | ADHD: clinical; Control: matched community | 13.8 years on average | Not provided | Marijuana, Cocaine, & Alcohol Abuse & Dep.; Non-specific Abuse & Dep. |
| Gignac et al. (2005) | ADHD: 28 Control: 179 | 20 | 47.83 | Not provided | ADHD, Control: psychiatric and nonpsychiatric settings | 6-17 years at baseline, 20 years on average at follow-up | DSM-III-R | Marijuana Abuse & Dep.; Marijuana Use |
| Hechtman et al. (1984) | ADHD: 75 Control: 44 | 19 | 90 | Not provided | ADHD: clinical; Control: schools | 10 years | Not provided | Marijuana, Cocaine, & Alcohol Abuse & Dep. |
| King et al. (2004)iii | ADHD: 193 Control: 163 | 14.8 | 48.75 | Not provided | ADHD, Control: community-based sample of twins | 10-12 years-old at baseline; Average age at follow-up was 14.8 years | DSM-III-R | Alcohol, Nicotine, & Marijuana Use |
| Lambert (2005) | ADHD: 217 Control: 182 | 26 | 78.05 | 76.83 | ADHD, Control: community-based | 28 years | DSM-IV | Marijuana, Cocaine, & Alcohol Abuse & Dep.; Nicotine Dep. |
| Lambert &Hartsough (1998) | ADHD: 218 Control: 182 | Not provided | 78.05 | 77 | ADHD, Control: community-based | School-age to adult | DSM-III-R | Nicotine Use |
| Mannuzza et al. (1998) | ADHD: 85 Control: 73 | 24.1 | 100 | 100 | ADHD: clinical; Control: clinical and community | 15-21 years | Not provided | Marijuana, Cocaine, & Alcohol Abuse & Dep. |
| Mannuzza et al. (1991) | ADHD: 94 Control: 78 | 18.64 | 100 | Not provided | ADHD: clinical; Control: clinical, phone-dialing | 5-16 years | Not provided | Non-specific Abuse & Dep. |
| Milberger et al. (1997a) | ADHD: 28 Control: 238 | 15 | 100 | 100 | ADHD and Control: clinical | 4 years | DSM-III-R | Nicotine Use |
| Milberger et al. (1997b) | ADHD: 34 Control: 235 | 17.34 | 49.44 | 100 | ADHD, Control: sibling referral | 4 years | DSM-III-R | Alcohol Abuse & Dep.; Non-specific Abuse & Dep. |
| Molina &Pelham (2003) | ADHD: 142 Control: 100 | 15.18 | 94.24 | 86.77 | ADHD: clinical; Control: schools, newspapers | 5.26 years on average | DSM-III-R | Marijuana & Alcohol Abuse & Dep.; Marijuana, Alcohol, & Nicotine Use; Nicotine Dep. |
| Molina et al. (2007) | ADHD: 364 Control: 240 | 17.51 | 89.24 | 82.8 | ADHD: clinical; Control: clinical, schools, newspapers | Average of 8 years | DSM-IV | Alcohol Use, Abuse, & Dep. |
| Monuteaux et al. (2008) | ADHD: 139 Control: 122 | Not provided | 0 | Not provided | ADHD and Control: clinical | 5 years | DSM-III-R, supplemented with DSM-IV | Nicotine Dep. |
| Reynolds &Kirisci (2001) | ADHD: 28 Control: 180 | 16 | 85.6 | 68.3 | Not provided | 4-6 years | Not provided | Nicotine Dep. |
| Wilens et al. (2008) | ADHD: 80 Control: 86 | 19.2 | 48.01 | Not provided | ADHD, Control: referrals from 2 previous studies | 5 years for girls and 10 years for boys | DSM-III-R | Nicotine Use & Dep. |
| Wittchen et al. (2007) | ADHD: 40 Control: 1213 | 24 | 49.94 | Not provided | ADHD, Control: government registries | 10 years | DSM-IV | Marijuana Abuse & Dep.; Marijuana Use |
Note. ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual; Dep. = Dependence.
i
Sample size differed by specific outcome measure;
ii
Sample size not provided; odds ratio provided by authors;
iii
Sample size provided for only one outcome (which is reported here).