Table 3.

Psychosocial risk factors predicting depression onset (compared to the never-depressed): Unadjusted odds ratios (95% CI),p-values.

Risk Factors	Child-Onset		Adolescent-Onset		Young Adult-Onset
	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p	OR (95% CI)	p
Poverty
Childhood	2.08 (1.62–2.69)	<.001	1.61 (1.04–2.49)	.03 a	1.71 (1.06–2.76)	.03
Adolescence			1.12 (0.68–1.88)	.64	1.23 (0.84–1.81)	.28
Young adulthood					1.58 (1.10–2.28)	.01 a
Loss and Violence Events
Childhood	3.53 (1.49–8.35)	.004	1.43 (0.72–2.83)	.31	2.03 (1.03–4.03)	.04
Adolescence			1.35 (0.67–2.71)	.40	2.16 (1.02–4.58)	.04
Young adulthood					2.48 (0.91–6.77)	.08 a
Lifetime Parental Psychopathology
Childhood	2.31 (1.43–3.73)	.001	1.32 (0.84–2.06)	.23	1.06 (0.88–1.27)	.56
Adolescence			1.55 (0.86–2.78)	.15	1.20 (0.86–1.68)	.29
Young adulthood					1.96 (1.07–3.62)	.03
Maltreatment
Childhood	9.28 (2.63–32.78)	.001	0.25 (0.03–2.14)	.20	2.95 (0.64–13.65)	.17
Adolescence			7.24 (1.71–30.62)	.007	1.65 (0.39–6.94)	.50
Young adulthood					3.36 (0.84–13.43)	.09 a
Family Dysfunction
Childhood	2.34 (1.54–3.54)	<.001	0.88 (0.58–1.35)	.55	1.25 (0.75–2.08)	.39
Adolescence			2.42 (1.39–4.20)	.002	3.02 (1.35–6.75)	.007
Young Adulthood					3.85 (1.66–8.94)	.002

1004 subjects had data on childhood (putative) risk factors. 877 subjects had data on adolescent (putative) risk factors, 837 had data on young adult putative risk factors.

Odds ratios in bold were significant at p < .05. Odd ratios in bold and italics were significant at p < .10.

Shaded odds ratios represent associations between concurrent risk factors and depression onset.

^aNo longer significant at p <.10 or less when comorbidity (i.e., concurrent anxiety and behavioral disorders) was taken into account.