Table 3.
Age, Comorbidity, and Use of Beta Blockers in Hospital-based Clinics
| N | Use of beta blockers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bivariate results | P-value | Multivariable results | P-value | ||
| n (%) | OR (95% CI) | ||||
| AGE AND COMORBID BURDEN | |||||
| Age group | |||||
| 50–64 | 605 | 518 (86) | 0.001 | -- | 0.01 |
| 65–79 | 1110 | 937 (84) | 0.95 (0.70–1.28) | ||
| 80+ | 519 | 403 (78) | 0.66 (0.48–0.93) | ||
| Charlson comorbidity score | |||||
| 0–1 | 470 | 400 (85) | 0.43 | -- | 0.67 |
| 2–3 | 981 | 792 (81) | 0.77 (0.56–1.08) | ||
| 4–5 | 520 | 440 (85) | 1.00 (0.67–1.49) | ||
| 6+ | 263 | 226 (86) | 0.98 (0.59–1.62) | ||
| OTHER DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS | |||||
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 176 | 135 (77) | 0.03 | -- | 0.08 |
| Male | 2059 | 1723 (84) | 1.44 (0.95–2.17) | ||
| Race/ethnicity group | |||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 1343 | 1119 (83) | 0.70 | * | |
| Other | 343 | 287 (84) | |||
| Missing/unknown | 548 | 452 (83) | |||
| Income | |||||
| ≤ median income | 1099 | 897 (82) | 0.05 | -- | 0.25 |
| > median income | 1135 | 961 (85) | 1.15 (0.91–1.46) | ||
| HEALTH SERVICES UTILIZATION | |||||
| # primary care visits in past 2 years | |||||
| 0–1 | 271 | 210 (78) | <0.001 | -- | <0.001 |
| 2–4 | 919 | 750 (82) | 1.51 (1.04–2.19) | ||
| 5–10 | 784 | 671 (86) | 1.91 (1.28–2.84) | ||
| >10 | 260 | 227 (87) | 2.31 (1.38–3.88) | ||
| # cardiology visits in past 2 years | |||||
| 0 | 908 | 695 (77) | <0.001 | -- | <0.001 |
| 1–2 | 704 | 615 (87) | 1.96 (1.46–2.62) | ||
| >2 | 622 | 548 (88) | 1.99 (1.44–2.75) | ||
| Hospitalization in past 2 years | |||||
| No hospital stay | 1050 | 866 (82) | 0.65 | -- | 0.52 |
| ≥ 1 hospital stay where HF was primary diagnosis | 490 | 415 (85) | 0.99 (0.71–1.38) | ||
| ≥ 1 hospital stay, none of which where HF was primary diagnosis | 694 | 577 (83) | 0.86 (0.64–1.15) | ||
| ACADEMIC AFFILIATION OF TREATING FACILITY | |||||
| Affiliation of primary care site | |||||
| Not academically affiliated | 71 | 58 (82) | 0.05 | -- | 0.19 |
| Academically affiliated | 1987 | 1664 (84) | 0.91 (0.47–1.76) | ||
| Unknown/missing | 118 | 87 (74) | 0.60 (0.27–1.31) | ||
| MEDICATION USE AND CONDITIONS OF INTEREST | |||||
| # medications used | |||||
| ≤ 5 | 373 | 305 (82) | 0.53 | * | |
| 6 – 11 | 1170 | 979 (84) | |||
| ≥ 12 | 645 | 539 (84) | |||
| Comorbid conditions | |||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 679 | 550 (81) | 0.07 | * | |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1579 | 1344 (85) | <0.001 | 1.38 (1.07–1.77) | 0.01 |
| Diabetes | 1060 | 893 (84) | 0.20 | * | |
| COPD | 721 | 563 (78) | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.43–0.73) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1112 | 905 (81) | 0.03 | * | |
| Chronic renal insufficiency | 289 | 243 (84) | 0.66 | * | |
| Dementia or cancer | 338 | 273 (81) | 0.20 | 0.76 (0.54–1.06) | 0.11 |
* Variables significant at P < 0.20 on an intermediate block-based analysis (not shown) were included in the final multivariable model, as indicated by those variables with non-missing values in the multivariable results
** All P values reflect a test of trend (where applicable)