Table 2.

Clinical and demographic risk factors for neoplastic progression of Barrett’s esophagus

Innate factors	Gastrointestinal factors	Other modifiable factors
Age	Bile and acid reflux	Obesity
Gender	Anti-reflux surgery	Diet
Ethnicity	Proton pump inhibition	Alcohol
	Pharmacological lower esophageal sphincter relaxation	Smoking
	Salivary nitrates	Socioeconomic status
	Barrett’s segment length	Pharmacological COX-2 inhibition

COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2.