Figure 3. Regulation of neurotrophic/growth factors signaling is decreased by stress and increased by antidepressant treatment. Activation of these pathways leads to neuroprotection, survival, resilience, Antiapoptosis, and proliferation of neurons and glia in limbic brain regions. 5-HT, 5hydroxytryptamine; NE, norepinephrine; GPCR, G protein coupled receptor; AC, adenylyl cyclase; Gs, stimulatory G protein; cAMP, cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate; PKA, cAMP-dependent protein kinase; CREB, cAMP response element binding protein; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; IGF-1 , insulin-like growth factor-1 ; FGF2, fibroblast growth factor-2; BDNF, brain derived neurotrophic factor; 1RS, insulin receptor substrate ; FRS, fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate; Grb2, adaptor protein; Sos, guanine nucleotide exchange factor; PI-3K, phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase; Akt, protein kinase B, serine. threonine kinase; GSK-3, glycogen synthase kinase-3; Bad, proapoptotic factor; Ras, small guanosine triphosphatase; Raf, serine/threonine kinase; MEK, ERK kinase; ERK, extracellular signal regulated kinase; Rsk, ribosomal S6 kinase; She, Src homology domain adaptor protein; IL-1 b, interleukin-1 b; IKK, kappaB inhibitory protein kinase; IkB, kappaB inhibitory protein; NFkB, nuclear factor kappaB; Bcl2, antiapoptotic factor .