Table III. Candidate gene studies of OCD. *Association with the hoarding phenotype.
Candidate gene | Investigator | Study design | Sample size | Significance | Associated allele | ||
Serotonin transporter | Cases | Controls | Families | ||||
McDougle et al86 | FB | - | --- | 35 | P<0.03 | Lallele | |
Bengel et al87 | CC | 75 | 397 | --- | P=0.023 | LL genotype | |
Frisch et al88 | CC | 75 | 172 | --- | ns | --- | |
Kinnear et al89 | CC | 54 | 82 | --- | ns | --- | |
Denys et a l90 | CC | 156 | 134 | --- | ns | --- | |
Dickel et al91 | FB | --- | --- | 54 | ns | --- | |
Saiz et al92 | CC | 99 | 420 | - | ns | --- | |
Wendland et al93 | CC | 347 | 749 | --- | ns | --- | |
Wendland et al84 | CC | 295 | 657 | - | P<0.018 | 3 marker haplotype | |
Serotonin transporter promoter | |||||||
Kinnear et al94 | CC | 129 | 479 | --- | ns | --- | |
Camarena et al95 | CC/FB | 115 | 136 | 43 | ns | --- | |
Cavallini et al96 | CC | 180 | 112 | --- | ns | --- | |
Walitza et a l97 | FB | --- | --- | 63 | ns | --- | |
Meira-Lima et al98 | CC | 79 | 202 | --- | ns | --- | |
Chabane et al99 | CC/FB | 106 | 171 | 86 | ns | --- | |
Serotonin receptor 2A | |||||||
Nicolini et al100 | CC | 67 | 54 | --- | ns | --- | |
Enoch et al101 | CC | 62 | 144 | --- | P<0.05 | A allele | |
Enoch et al102 | CC | 101 | 138 | --- | P=0.015 | A allele | |
Frisch et al88 | CC | 75 | 172 | --- | ns | --- | |
Walitza et al103 | CC | 55 | 223 | --- | ns | --- | |
Hemmings et al104 | CC | 71 | 129 | --- | ns | --- | |
Tot et al105 | CC | CC? | 77 | --- | ns | --- | |
Hemmings et al106 | CC | 58 | 83 | --- | ns | --- | |
Meira-Lima et al98 | CC | 79 | 202 | --- | P<0.00007 | C-Allele | |
Denys et al90 | CC | 156 | 134 | --- | ns | --- | |
Dickel et al91 | FB | --- | --- | 54 | ns | --- | |
Saiz et al92 | CC | 99 | 420 | --- | P=0.02 | --- | |
Serotonin receptor 2C | |||||||
Cavallini et al107 | CC | 109 | 107 | --- | ns | --- | |
Frisch et al88 | CC | 75 | 172 | --- | ns | --- | |
Meira-Lima et al98 | CC | 79 | 202 | --- | ns | --- | |
Cavallini et al107 | CC | 109 | 107 | --- | ns | --- | |
Frisch et al88 | CC | 75 | 172 | --- | ns | --- | |
Meira-Lima et al98 | CC | 79 | 202 | --- | ns | --- | |
Serotonin receptor 1B (1 Dβ) | |||||||
Mundo et al108 | FB | --- | --- | 32 | P<0.006 | G allele | |
Mundo et al109 | FB | --- | --- | 121 | P=0.023 | G allele | |
DiBella et al110 | FB | --- | --- | 48 | ns | --- | |
Hemmings et al104 | CC | 77 | 129 | --- | ns | --- | |
Camarena et al111 | FB | --- | --- | 47 | ns | --- | |
Walitza et al97 | FB | --- | --- | 63 | ns | --- | |
Denys et al90 | CC | 156 | 134 | --- | ns | --- | |
Dickel et al91 | FB | - | --- | 54 | ns | --- | |
Tryptophan hydroxylase | |||||||
Frisch et al88 | CC | 75 | 172 | --- | ns | --- | |
Walitza et al97 | FB | - | --- | 63 | ns | --- | |
Mössner et al112 | FB | --- | --- | 71 | P=0.035 | G-C Haplotype | |
Dopamine receptor 4 | |||||||
Cruz et al113 | CC | 12 | 49 | --- | P= 0.018 | ||
Billet et al114 | CC | 118 | 118 | --- | P= 0.021 | ||
Frisch et al88 | CC | 75 | 172 | --- | P=0.04 7 | allele less frequent | |
Millet et al115 | CC/FB | 49 | 63 | 34 | P=0.03 | 2 allele protective | |
Hemmings et al104 | CC | 71 | 129 | --- | ns | --- | |
Hemmings et al106 | CC | 95 | 85 | --- | P=0.013 | early vs late onset | |
Dopamine receptor 2 | |||||||
Nicolini et al100 | CC | 67 | 54 | --- | ns | --- | |
Billet et al114 | CC | 110 | 110 | --- | P=0.014 | CC genotype | |
Dopamine receptor 3 | |||||||
Catalanoet al116 | CC | 97 | 97 | --- | ns | --- | |
Nicolini et al100 | CC | 67 | 54 | --- | ns | --- | |
Billet et al114 | CC | 103 | 103 | --- | ns | --- | |
Dopamine transporter | |||||||
Billet et al114 | CC | 103 | 103 | --- | ns | --- | |
Frisch et al88 | CC | 75 | 172 | --- | ns | --- | |
Hemmings et al104 | CC | 71 | 129 | --- | ns | --- | |
Dopamine receptor 2 | |||||||
Nicolini et al100 | CC | 67 | 54 | --- | ns | --- | |
Billet et al114 | CC | 110 | 110 | --- | P=0.014 | CC genotype | |
Dopamine receptor 3 | |||||||
Catalano et al116 | CC | 97 | 97 | --- | ns | --- | |
Nicolini et al100 | CC | 67 | 54 | --- | ns | --- | |
Billet et al114 | CC | 103 | 103 | --- | ns | --- | |
Dopamine transporter | |||||||
Billet et al114 | CC | 103 | 103 | --- | ns | --- | |
Frisch et al88 | CC | 75 | 172 | --- | ns | --- | |
Hemmings et al104 | CC | 71 | 129 | --- | ns | --- | |
Monamine oxidase A | |||||||
Karayiorgou et al117 | FB | --- | --- | 110 | P=0.019(males) | G allele | |
Camarena et al95 | CC/FB | 122 | 124 | 51 | CC: P=0.024 FB: P=0.022 | T allele | |
Hemmings et al104 | CC | 71 | 129 | --- | ns | --- | |
Catechol O-methyl transferase | |||||||
Karayiorgou et al118 | CC | 73 | 148 | --- | P=0.0002 | L allele in males | |
Karayiorgou et al117 | FB | --- | --- | 110 | P=0.0079 | L allele | |
Schindler et al119 | FB | --- | --- | 67 | P=0.006 | L allele | |
Niehaus et al120 | CC | 54 | 54 | --- | P=0.0017 | HL genotype | |
Alsobrook et al121 | FB | - | --- | 56 | P=0.04S | L allele in females | |
Ohara et al122 | CC | 17 | 35 | --- | ns | --- | |
Erdal et al123 | CC | 59 | 114 | --- | ns | --- | |
Azzam et al124 | CC | 144 | 337 | --- | ns | --- | |
Meira-Lima et al98 | CC | 79 | 202 | --- | ns | --- | |
Katerberg et al125 | CC | 373 | 462 | --- | ns | --- | |
Glutamate receptor subtype 2B | Arnold et al126 | FB | - | - | 130 | P=0.002 | 5072G-5988T haplotype |
Kainite glutamate receptor 2 | Delorme et al127 | CC/FB | 156 | 156 | 141 | CC:ns FB: P=0.03 | 867I allele undertransmitted |
Gamma-Amino-butyric acid type B receptor 1 | Zai et al128 | FB | - | - | 159 | P=0.006 | A-7265G |
Brain-derived neurotropic factor | |||||||
Hall et al129 | FB | - | --- | 164 | P<0.020 | Multiple SNPs | |
Dickel et al91 | FB | - | --- | 54 | ns | --- | |
Wendland et al93 | CC | 347 | 749 | --- | ns | --- | |
Myelin oligo-dendrocyte | |||||||
Zai et al130 | FB | --- | --- | 160 | P=0.022 | MOG4 2-repeat allele | |
Glutamate transporter | |||||||
Arnold et al81 | FB | --- | --- | 157 | P=0.006 2 | marker haplotype (males) | |
Dickel et al82 | FB | --- | --- | 71 | P=0.030 2 | marker haplotype (males) | |
Stewart et al83 | FB | --- | --- | 66 | P=0.0015 | 3 marker haplotype | |
Wendland et al84 | CC | 325 | 662 | --- | P<0.001 | 3 marker haplotype | |
Oligo-dendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2 | Stewart et al131 | FB | - | - | 66 | P=0.004 | 5 marker haplotype |
Neurotrophin-3 receptor gene (NTRK3)* | Muiños-Gimeno et al132 | CC | 153 | 324 | - | P=0.005 | - |
Extraneuronal monoamine transporter, EMT (SLC22A3) | Lazar et al133 | CC | 84 | 204 | ns | - |