Table III. Brain regions and functions often discussed in relationship to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and/or traumatic brain injury (TBI).**Acute mild, moderate, and severe.

Brain Region	Function	PTSD and/or TBI
Amygdala	Generation and maintenance of emotional respones30	PTSD42; TBI1
Cerebellum	Movement and motor coordination, processing fear memories49	PTSD48; Chronic mild TBI51
Corona radiata	Attentional processes36	Chronic mild TBI55
Corpus collosum	Intrahemispheric communication68	Acute and chronic mTBI37; Moderate to severe TBI70; TBI1
Hippocampus	Explicit and declarative memory, working memory, episodic/autobiographical memory, contextual learning37,50; control of stress responses and contextual aspects of fear conditioning19	PTSD48; TBI1
Insula	Core affect, associated consciousness of subjective feelings, developing and updating motivational states, autobiographical memory, cognitive control, affective processing, pain, and conveyance of homeostatic information30	PTSD42
Internal capsule	Motor and sensory communication	Acute and chronic mTBI37
Medial temporal lobe	Declarative memory	Chronic mild TBI51; TBI1
Parietal cortex	Volitional and avolitional allocation of attentional resources during the retrieval of episodic memories62	PTSD62
Prefrontal cortex	Manipulation of emotions and memories; extinguishing conditioned fear32; inhibitory action on the amygdala16	PTSD32,42,47,61;TBI1,69
Anterior cingulate cortex	Processing of cognitive and emotional interactions50 including interference from emotional stimuli and performance monitoring, response selection, error detection, and decision making68; conflict monitoring, attention and pain50	PTSD32,41,48
Uncinate fasciculus	Working memory37	Chronic mild TBI36