Table 1.
Overview of Experimental Studies Investigating the Role of BM in Vascular Disease
| Experimental Study | Technique | Method to Determine | Time | Results | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SMC Origin | SMC | Origin of Neointimal SMC | BM-Derived SMC | ||||
| mouse | |||||||
| Transplant arteriosclerosis | |||||||
| Aortic transplantation | Y-chr/ISH | α-SMA/IH | 30/60 days | Recipient | Few if any | Li et al. [25] | |
| Aortic transplantation | LacZ/X-gal staining | α-SMA/IH | 8 weeks | Recipient | 11% of intimal SMC | Shimizu et al. [4] | |
| Aortic transplantation | LacZ/X-gal staining | SM-LacZ transgenic/X-gal staining | 2-6 weeks | Recipient | None | Hu et al. [26] | |
| Cardiac transplantation | LacZ/X-gal staining, GFP/IF staining | α-SMA/IF | 4 weeks | Recipient (88%) | Majority of intimal SMC | Sata et al. [3] | |
| Vein graft transplantation | LacZ/X-gal staining | SM-LacZ transgenic/X-gal staining | 8 weeks | Recipient (40%) and donor (60%) | None | Hu et al. [27] | |
| Atherosclerosis | |||||||
| Hyperlipidemia-induced atherosclerosis | GFP/IF confocal, Y-chr/ISH | α-SMA/IH, Y-chr/ISH | Diet till 20 weeks/32 weeks of age | NA | None | Bentzon et al. [29] | |
| Spontaneous and mechanical plaque disruption | GFP/ IF confocal, Y-chr/ISH | α-SMA/IH, Y-chr/ISH | Up to 27 months of age/after 1 or 4 weeks | NA | None | Bentzon et al. [30] | |
| Hyperlipidemia-induced atherosclerosis | LacZ/X-gal staining, GFP/IF staining | α-SMA/IF/EM | 8 week diet till 20 weeks of age | NA | 58% or 42% LacZ+ or GFP+ respectively of lesional SMC | Sata et al. [3] | |
| Mechanical vascular injury | |||||||
| Wire-mediated endovascular injury | LacZ/X-gal staining, GFP/IF staining | α-SMA/IF, confocal | 4 weeks | NA | 26% of neointimal SMC, 35% of medial SMC | Tanaka et al. [5] | |
| Perivascular cuff | LacZ/X-gal staining, GFP/IF staining | α-SMA/IF, confocal | 4 weeks | NA | A few neointimal SMC | Tanaka et al. [5] | |
| Ligation of carotid artery | LacZ/X-gal staining, GFP/IF staining | α-SMA/IH/IF, confocal | 4 weeks | NA | A few neointimal SMC | Tanaka et al. [5] | |
| Scratch injury | Y-chr/ISH | α-SMA/IH | 4 weeks | NA | 44% of neointimal SMC | Han et al. [31] | |
| Arterial thrombus by insertion of suture into artery | Y-chr/ISH | α-SMA/IH | 4 weeks | NA | None in arteries with minimal damage. Some BM-derived SMC in arteries with serious damage | Han et al. [31] | |
| Wire-mediated endovascular injury | GFP/IF staining | α-SMA/IF, confocal | 4 weeks | NA | HSC did not contribute to neointimal SMC. BM and KSL cells did contribute partly to intimal and medial SMC | Sahara et al. [32] | |
| rat | |||||||
| Stent implantation | R26-hPAP/IH, IF, confocal | α-SMA/IF, confocal | 4 weeks | NA | None | Groenewegen et al. [38] | |
| Aortic transplantation | R26-hPAP/IH, IF, confocal | α-SMA/IF, confocal | 2 months | NA | None | Groenewegen et al. [38] | |
| human | |||||||
| Coronary artery atherosclerosis | Y-chr/ISH, blood type A, IH | α-SMA | 10 years/90 days (n=2) | NA | In one patient possibly in media | Yokote et al. [42] | |
| Coronary artery atherosclerosis | Y or X-chr/ISH | α-SMA/IH | Between 41 and 1235 days (n=8) | NA | 9.4% of intimal cells in females, 10.8% in males | Caplice et al. [41] | |
Y-chr, Y-chromosome; X-gal, X-galactosidase; hPAP, human placental alkaline phophatase; ISH, in situ hybridization; IH, immunohistochemistry;
IF, immunofluorescence; EM, electron microscopy; HSC, hematopoietic stem cells; KSL, c-Kit+ Sca-1+ Lin- cells; NA, not available