Fig. 1.

(A) Experimental setup for recording auditory evoked escape responses in goldfish. Sound stimuli were generated randomly through one of a pair of underwater speakers positioned at opposing sides of the tank. Responses were captured at 1000 frames per second by high-speed video recorders. (B) Directional escapes were elicited in individual goldfish. Top view of the tank showing (Bi) an aversive C-start when the fish is in the center of the tank and (Bii) directional override when the fish is within two-thirds of its body length near the wall of the tank. Red asterisks mark the speaker that generated the sound in each case.