Table I.
Baseline Characteristics (N = 3046)
| Characteristics | Coronary Artery Calcium | Coronary Artery Calcium | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| =0 (n = 2114) | >0 (n = 932) | P-value | <300 (n = 2938) | ≥ 300 (n = 108) | P-value | |
| Age (years) | 55.4+/−8.0 | 60.8+/−9.1 | <0.01 | 56.8+/−8.6 | 64.7+/−8.7 | <0.01 |
| Women | 75.3% | 70.2% | <0.01 | 74.0% | 66.7% | 0.09 |
| White | 37.3% | 46.6% | <0.01 | 39.3% | 61.0% | <0.01 |
| African American | 27.4% | 21.6% | 13.0% | 9.3% | ||
| Hispanic | 23.2% | 17.3% | 26.0% | 16.7% | ||
| Chinese | 12.1% | 14.6% | 21.7% | 13.0% | ||
| Current smoking | 10.2% | 9.9% | 0.91 | 10.0% | 12.0% | 0.5 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 118+/−19 | 123+/−19 | <0.01 | 120+/−19 | 125+/−17 | <0.01 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 70+/−10 | 71+/−10 | 0.02 | 70+/−10 | 72+/−10 | 0.13 |
| Antihypertensive medications use | 18.1% | 25.1% | <0.01 | 19.8% | 31.5% | <0.01 |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 28.0+/−5.8 | 28.0+/−5.6 | 0.92 | 30.0+/−5.7 | 27.7+/−5.6 | 0.64 |
| Family history of premature CHD | 36.6% | 50.2% | <0.01 | 40.0% | 62.4% | <0.01 |
| Physical activity (MET-min/wk) | 896+/−2607 | 1031+/−2940 | 0.14 | 930+/−2724 | 1146+/−2400 | 0.42 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 195+/−35 | 200+/−35 | <0.01 | 197+/−35 | 206+/−37 | <0.01 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 55+/−15 | 55+/−16 | 0.66 | 55+/−15 | 58+/−14 | 0.03 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 116+/−30 | 122+/−32 | <0.01 | 118+/−30 | 125+/−34 | 0.03 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 117+/−69 | 119+/−62 | 0.43 | 118+/−67 | 119+/−71 | 0.88 |
| Mean Framingham Risk Score (%) | 2.8+/−2.4 | 4.3+/−2.5 | <0.01 | 3.2+/−2.5 | 5.1+/−2.6 | <0.01 |
| Medications use | ||||||
| Estrogen use (in women) | 29.4% | 30.6% | 0.68 | 29.4% | 38.9% | 0.08 |
| Aspirin | 10.3% | 14.5% | <0.01 | 11.3% | 19.6% | 0.01 |
| ACE inhibitors/ARBs | 4.3% | 7.2% | <0.01 | 5.8% | 9.3% | 0.1 |
| Beta blockers | 4.7% | 5.8% | 0.15 | 5.3% | 6.5% | 0.61 |
| Nitrates | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.92 | 0.07% | 0.0% | 0.79 |
| Calcium blockers | 6.6% | 8.4% | 0.06 | 6.9% | 13.9% | <0.01 |
*
CAC >0 denotes CAC presence; CAC ≥ 300 denotes advanced CAC
†
CAC = coronary artery calcium, CHD = coronary heart disease, ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme, ARBs = angiotensin receptor blockers, HDL = high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL = low density lipoprotein cholesterol,