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. 2011 Sep 12;108(39):16194–16199. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1105403108

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

(A) Within-group changes in AM and PM T values between 2005 and 2009. Mean values of T, adjusted for time of saliva collection and usual wake time (AM), were compared using paired t tests. Group 1 (n = 83) comprised men who were partnered and fathers in 2005 and 2009. Group 2 (n = 257) comprised men who were not partnered in 2005 and 2009 and were never fathers. Group 3 (n = 46) comprised men who became partnered between 2005 and 2009 and were never fathers. Group 4 (n = 162) comprised men who became partnered and were first-time fathers between 2005 and 2009. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01, ◇P < 0.0001. Error bars indicate SEM. P, partnered. (B) Between-group changes in AM and PM T values between 2005 and 2009 based on partnering and parenting status. Group descriptions are as in A. Values were adjusted for time of saliva collection and usual wake time (AM) and are derived from regressing the change in T on changes in partnering and parenting status, with group 2 as the comparison group, controlling for sleep quality and psychosocial stress (Tables S2 and S3). Partnered fathers are included for visual comparison but were not part of the regression analyses. ***P < 0.001. Error bars indicate SEM.