Fig. 3.

2009 AM and PM T values among fathers varying in daily physical childcare. Values were derived from regressing T on daily paternal caregiving, controlling for time of saliva collection, usual wake time (AM), sleep quality, psychosocial stress, and number of children, with fathers who reported no involvement in childcare as the comparison group. No care (n = 34), 0–1 h (n = 37), 1–3 h (n = 139), 3+ h (n = 102). Regression models were calculated with robust SEs. ^aP = 0.020; ^bP = 0.044; ^cP = 0.015. AM model: R² = 0.047; PM model: R² = 0.046. Error bars indicate SEM.