Table 1.
Crude and adjusted associations between parental alcohol use and four dimensions of school adjustment
| Attention | Academic | Conduct | Dissatisfaction | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | d | 95% C.I. | d | 95% C.I. | d | 95% C.I. | d | 95% C.I. | |||||
| Crude associations | |||||||||||||
| Maternal alcohol | *** | *** | *** | ||||||||||
| Abuse | 134 | 0.35 | ** | 0.13 - 0.56 | 0.03 | -0.15 - 0.21 | 0.32 | ** | 0.11 - 0.53 | 0.05 | -0.14 - 0.24 | ||
| At risk | 768 | 0.15 | *** | 0.07 - 0.23 | 0.02 | -0.06 - 0.10 | 0.10 | * | 0.02 - 0.16 | -0.02 | -0.09 - 0.06 | ||
| Abstainer | 491 | -0.11 | * | -0.20 - -0.02 | -0.12 | * | -0.22 - -0.03 | -0.19 | *** | -0.28 - -0.11 | -0.01 | -0.11 - 0.09 | |
| Missing response | 2818 | 0.09 | *** | 0.04 - 0.14 | 0.12 | *** | 0.07 - 0.17 | 0.04 | - | 0.00 - 0.09 | 0.03 | -0.02 - 0.08 | |
| Light drinking | 4580 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| Paternal alcohol | *** | *** | *** | ** | |||||||||
| Abuse | 215 | 0.23 | ** | 0.08 - 0.38 | 0.02 | -0.13 - 0.17 | 0.24 | ** | 0.08 - 0.40 | 0.08 | -0.07 - 0.22 | ||
| At risk | 799 | 0.13 | ** | 0.05 - 0.20 | 0.02 | -0.06 - 0.10 | 0.14 | *** | 0.06 - 0.21 | 0.04 | -0.04 - 0.12 | ||
| Abstainer | 281 | -0.08 | -0.19 - 0.04 | -0.23 | *** | -0.36 - -0.10 | -0.07 | -0.18 - 0.04 | -0.08 | -0.21 - 0.05 | |||
| Missing response | 4000 | 0.14 | *** | 0.10 - 0.19 | 0.13 | *** | 0.08 - 0.17 | 0.14 | *** | 0.09 - 0.18 | 0.08 | ** | 0.03 - 0.12 |
| Light drinking | 3496 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| Adjusted for other parent's alcohol use and for demography | |||||||||||||
| Maternal alcohol | *** | ** | *** | ||||||||||
| Abuse | 134 | 0.27 | * | 0.06 - 0.49 | 0.06 | -0.11 - 0.24 | 0.27 | ** | 0.07 - 0.48 | 0.04 | -0.15 - 0.23 | ||
| At risk | 768 | 0.09 | * | 0.01 - 0.17 | 0.06 | -0.02 - 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.00 - 0.16 | -0.02 | -0.09 - 0.06 | |||
| Abstainer | 491 | -0.12 | * | -0.22 - -0.02 | -0.07 | -0.18 - 0.04 | -0.18 | *** | -0.28 - -0.08 | 0.02 | -0.09 - 0.12 | ||
| Missing response | 2818 | 0.03 | -0.02 - 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.00 - 0.10 | -0.01 | -0.06 - 0.04 | -0.01 | -0.06 - 0.04 | ||||
| Light drinking | 4580 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| Paternal alcohol | *** | *** | |||||||||||
| Abuse | 215 | 0.21 | ** | 0.05 - 0.36 | 0.06 | -0.09 - 0.20 | 0.18 | * | 0.01 - 0.34 | 0.10 | -0.05 - 0.24 | ||
| At risk | 799 | 0.11 | ** | 0.03 - 0.18 | 0.03 | -0.05 - 0.11 | 0.11 | ** | 0.03 - 0.19 | 0.05 | -0.03 - 0.12 | ||
| Abstainer | 281 | -0.04 | -0.16 - 0.08 | -0.17 | * | -0.31 - -0.04 | 0.06 | -0.06 - 0.19 | -0.09 | -0.24 - 0.05 | |||
| Missing response | 4000 | 0.09 | *** | 0.04 - 0.14 | 0.06 | * | 0.01 - 0.11 | 0.11 | *** | 0.06 - 0.16 | 0.05 | -0.01 - 0.10 | |
| Light drinking | 3496 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
Demography includes adolescent age and sex, parental age, education and income.
Cohen's d express group differences as fractions of standard deviations.
* = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01; *** = p < 0.001.