Table 1.
Effects of spice-derived nutraceuticals on neurodegenerative diseases
| Spices | Phytochemicals | Effects |
|---|---|---|
| Alzheimer’s disease | ||
| Almond | Morin | Destabilized Abeta fibril [31] |
| Basil | Ursolic acid | Inhibited acetylcholinesterase [33] |
| Turmeric | Extract | Blocked Abeta aggregation [32] |
| Curcumin | Inhibited Abeta insult [10, 11, 19, 21] Protected Sprague–Dawley rats from Abeta-induced damage [22] Inhibited neuroglial cell proliferation [147] Inhibited Abeta-induced cytochemokine gene expression and CCR5-mediated chemotaxis of THP-1 monocytes by modulating EGR-1 [18] Inhibited aggregation of α-synuclein [50] |
|
| Curcumin derivatives | Blocked Abeta aggregation [20] | |
| Garlic | Extract | Reduced Abeta-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells [27] Inhibited Abeta fibrillogenesis in human brain [25] Exerted antiamyloidogenic effects [24] |
| SAC | Reduced Abeta-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells [27] Inhibited Abeta fibrillation and destabilized Abeta fibrils [26] |
|
| Sage | Rosmarinic acid | Protected PC12 cells from Abeta-induced neurotoxicity [28] |
| Coriander | Linalool | Inhibited acetylcholinesterase in vitro [34] |
| Black pepper | Piperine | Improved memory impairment and neurodegeneration [23] |
| Ginger | Extract | Blocked Abeta aggregation [32] Inhibited butyrylcholinesterase activity [148] |
| Cinnamon | Extract | Blocked Abeta aggregation [32] |
| Angelica | Extract | Protected against Abeta-induced memory impairment in mice [30] |
| Parkinson’s disease | ||
| Turmeric | Curcumin | Reduced synuclein toxicity, intracellular ROS, and apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells [49] |
| Ginger | Zingerone | Prevented 6-hydroxydopamine-induced dopamine depression in mouse striatum and increased superoxide scavenging activity in serum [68] |
| Clove | Eugenol | Protected mice from 6-OHDA-induced Parkinson’s disease [69] |
| Almond | Morin | Attenuated the loss of cell viability and apoptosis in PC12 cells [70] Attenuated behavioral deficits, dopaminergic neuronal death and striatal dopamine depletion in the MPTP mouse model [70] |
| Multiple sclerosis | ||
| Turmeric | Curcumin | Inhibited differentiation and development of Th17 cells [95] Decreased TLR-4 and -9 expression in CD-4 and -8(+) T cells [96] Inhibited IL-12 production and activated STAT4 [97] |
| Green pepper | Luteolin | Inhibited activated peripheral blood leukocytes from MS patients and EAE [98] Inhibited mast cells, T cells [149] |
| Onion | Quercetin | Modulated immune responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells [100] |
| Epilepsy | ||
| Black pepper | Extract | Prolonged anticonvulsant activity against audiogenic seizures in DBA/2 mice and against seizures induced in T.O. mice by NMDLA [150] |
| Clove | Eugenol | Suppressed epileptiform field potentials and spreading depression in rat neocortical and hippocampal tissues [108] |
| Tarragon | Anethole | Exerted dose- and time-dependent antiseizure activity in maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazole models of experimental seizures [101] |
| Celery seed | Apigenin | Reduced seizure phenotype in a Drosophila model of epilepsy [102] |
| Horseradish | Kaempferol | Reduced seizure phenotype in a Drosophila model of epilepsy [102] |
| Paprika | Capsaicin | Suppressed Tween 80-induced convulsive movements in rats [104] |
| Turmeric | Curcumin | Ameliorated seizures, oxidative stress, and cognitive impairment in pentylenetetrazole-treated rats [105] |
| Neuropathic Pain | ||
| Clove | Eugenol | Alleviated neuropathic pain [151] |
| Focal cerebral ischemia | ||
| Liquorice | Isoliquiritigenin | Had protective potential against cerebral ischemia injury [152] |
| Gamboge | Gambogic acid | Inhibited kainic acid-triggered neuronal cell death and decreased infarct volume in the transient MCAO model of strokes [92] |
| Angelica | Extract | Reduced cerebral infarction and neuronal apoptosis in cells [153] |
| Ferulic acid | Reduced cerebral infarct area and neurological deficit-score in transient MCAO rats [154] | |
| FBD | Prevented brain ischemia/reperfusion injury [155] | |
| Z-ligustilide | Decreased platelet aggregation induced by ADP ex vivo and arteriovenous shunt Thrombosis in vivo in rats [156] | |
| Depression | ||
| Black pepper | Piperine | Inhibited the growth of cultured neurons from embryonic rat brain [157] Showed antidepressant activity, modulated serotonergic system [130] Protected mice from CMS, upregulated BDNF [123] |
| Cloves | Eugenol | Showed antidepressant-like activity and induced expression of MT-III in the hippocampus [122] |
| Ginger | Oil | Evoked antidepressant-like synergism in rats [158] Exerted synergistic antidepressant actions in mice [159] |
| Turmeric | Curcumin | Acted by inhibiting the monoamine oxidase and modulated the release of serotonin and dopamine from the brain [118] |
| Allspice | Eugenol | Induced BDNF and MT-III in the hippocampus of mice [122] |
| Black pepper | Piperine | Upregulated progenitor cell proliferation of hippocampus and an elevation of BDNF level [123] |
| Schizophrenia | ||
| Onion | Quercetinrutoside | Quenched superoxide production [135] |
| Brain tumors | ||
| Turmeric | Curcumin | Inhibited MB [72], NB [160], and pituitary folliculostellate [73] cells and exerted antitumor effect Inhibited cell proliferation, blocked clonogenicity, downregulated bcl-2 and bcl-xL, leading to caspase-mediated cell death, and blocked migration of MB cells [71] Sensitized malignant glioma cells to TRAIL/Apo2L-mediated apoptosis [77] Inhibited MMP gene expression in human astroglioma cells [78] Suppressed growth and chemoresistance of human glioblastoma cells via AP-1 and NF-κB transcription factors [75] Suppressed antiapoptotic signals and activated cysteine proteases for apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma U87MG cells [79] Induced G2/M cell cycle arrest in a p53-dependent manner and upregulated ING4 expression in human glioma [76] Inhibited NF-κB-mediated radioprotection and modulated apoptosis related genes in human neuroblastoma cells [83] Induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells via inhibition of NF-κB [84] Acted as antitumorigenic and hormone-suppressive effect in murine and human pituitary tumor cells in vitro and in vivo [82] |
| Demethoxycurcumin | Induced Bcl-2-mediated G2/M arrest and apoptosis in human glioma U87 cells [81] | |
| Red chili | Capsaicin | Induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human neuroblastoma cells SHSY-5Y [85] Induced apoptosis in A172 human glioblastoma cells [89] Induced apoptosis via redox status-dependent regulation of cyclooxygenases in human neuroblastoma cells [161] Induced apoptosis of glioma cells mediated by TRPV1 vanilloid receptor and requires p38 MAPK activation [162] Induced apoptosis in human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) and human neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cells [163] |
| Ginger | Shogaols | Protected IMR32 human neuroblastoma and normal HUVEC from Abeta-insult [86] |
| Basil | Ursolic acid | Inhibited IL-1β or TNF-α-induced C6 glioma invasion through suppressing the association of ZIP/p62 with PKC-zeta and downregulating MMP-9 expression [87] |
| Angelica | Extract | Triggered both p53-dependent and p53-independent pathways for apoptosis in vitro, suppressed growth of subcutaneous rat and human brain tumors, reduced the volume of GBM tumors in situ, prolonging survival rate [88] |
| Extract | Inhibited tumor growth by reducing the level of VEGF and cathepsin B on brain astrocytomas [89] | |
| Butylidenephthalide | Triggered both p53-dependent and independent pathways for apoptosis in vitro, suppressed growth of subcutaneous rat and human brain tumors, reduced the volume of GBM tumors in situ, prolonging survival rate [90] Induced growth arrest and apoptosis in human GBM brain tumor cells [91] |
|
| Kokum | Gambogic acid | Bound to TrkA, prevented glutamate-induced neuronal cell death, induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells [92] Inhibited growth and induced apoptosis in glioma cells [93] Inhibited the growth of orthotopic glioma, induced apoptosis [93] |
| Meningitis | ||
| Garlic | Extract | Possessed in vitro fungistatic and fungicidal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans [140] |
| Diallyltrisulfide | Possessed in vitro fungicidal effects [141] | |
| Spongiform encephalopathy | ||
| Turmeric | Curcumin | Inhibited protease-resistant prion protein accumulation in vitro [137] |
Abeta amyloid beta peptide, EGR-1 early growth response-1, AF64A ethylcholineaziridiniumion, BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor, CMS chronic mild stress, EAE experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, FBD a herbal formula composed of Poria cocos, Atractylodes macrocephala, and A. sinensis, HUVEC human umbilical vein endothelial cells, IL-1β interleukin-1β, IL-12 interleukin 12, ING4 inhibitor of growth protein 4, GBM glioblastoma multiforme, MB medulloblastoma, MCAO middle cerebral artery occlusion, MMP matrix metalloproteinase, MS multiple sclerosis, MPTP 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, MT-III metallothionein-III, NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, NMDLA N-methyl-DL-aspartate, 6-OHDA 6-hydroxydopamine, PMN polymorphonuclear leukocytes, ROS reactive oxygen species, SAC S-allyl cysteine, STAT4, signal transducer and activator of transcription 4, TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TRAIL/Apo2L, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, TRPV transient receptor potential vanilloid, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, AP-1 activator protein 1, ADP adenosine diphosphate, CCR5 c-c chemokine receptor, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, NB neuroblastoma, TLR toll-like receptor