Table 1. Maternal, newborns baseline, NMR and factors associated with increased odds of neonatal death in a cohort of 864 newborns in Banfora (Burkina Faso).
| Variables | Number of live births (%) n=864 | Number of deaths (NMR) n=40 | Unadjusteda OR (95% CI) | Adjustedb OR (95% CI) n=864 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study arm | ||||
| Control | 429 (50) | 15 (35.0) | 1.00 | |
| Intervention | 435 (50) | 25 (57.5) | 1.7 (0.6–4.3) | |
| Maternal age | ||||
| <20 | 133 (16) | 8 (60.2) | 1.3 (0.6–3.1) | |
| 20–35 | 642 (74) | 28 (43.6) | 1.00 | |
| >35 | 89 (10) | 4 (44.9) | 1.0 (0.3–3.1) | |
| Parity | ||||
| 0 | 139 (16) | 9 (64.7) | 1.9 (0.8–4.8) | 4.3 (1.5–12.1) |
| 1 | 141 (16) | 6 (42.6) | 1.3 (0.5–3.6) | 1.6 (0.5–4.8) |
| 2–4 | 404 (47) | 14 (34.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 5+ | 180 (21) | 11 (61.1) | 1.8 (0.8–4.2) | 2.3 (0.9–5.6) |
| Polygynous household | ||||
| Yes | 420 (49) | 24 (57.1) | 1.7 (0.9–3.4) | 2.1 (1.0–4.7) |
| No | 444 (51) | 16 (36.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Maternal education | ||||
| None | 682 (80) | 29 (41.9) | 1.0 (0.2–4.4) | |
| Literate/primary school | 120 (14) | 9 (75.0) | 1.7 (0.3–8.8) | |
| Secondary school | 52 (06) | 2 (38.5) | 1.00 | |
| Distance to nearest health facility | ||||
| ⩽5 km | 417 (48) | 27 (64.7) | 2.1 (0.8–5.3) | |
| >5 km | 447 (52) | 13 (29.1) | 1.00 | |
| Mothers got ANC visit | ||||
| Yes | 626 (72) | 28 (44.7) | 1.00 | |
| No | 238 (28) | 12 (50.4) | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | |
| Birth attendants | ||||
| Skilled attendant | 324 (38) | 10 (30.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| TBA/Family/ other | 540 (62) | 30 (55.6) | 2.3 (1.1–5.1) | 2.1 (0.9–4.7) |
| Twins | ||||
| Yes | 38 (04) | 11 (289.5) | 9.7 (4.1–23.1) | 11.5 (4.5–29.8) |
| No | 826 (96) | 29 (35.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Time to initiation of breastfeedingc | ||||
| ⩽24 h | 639 (84) | 19 (29.7) | 1.00 | |
| >24 h | 124 (16) | 4 (32.3) | 1.1 (0.4–3.2) | |
| Received colostrumc | ||||
| Yes | 683 (90) | 19 (27.8) | 1.00 | |
| No | 80 (10) | 4 (50.0) | 1.8 (0.6–5.5) | |
Abbreviations: ANC, antenatal care; NMR, neonatal mortality rate; TBA, traditional birth attendant.
All logistic regressions were based on random-effects models.
The multivariable analyses identified twins' birth, nulliparous mothers and polygynous households as the major predictors of neonatal death in this cohort (Wald chi-2, P<0.0001). There was weak evidence that high multiparae (P=0.07) and unskilled attendant at birth (P=0.08) were both associated with increased odds of neonatal death in the adjusted model.
Univariable analyses were adjusted for clustering to account for the design of the PROMISE-EBF trial.
Adjusted for clustering and for parity, polygynous status, attendant at birth and twinship.
Restricted to singleton births who survived the first 24 h (N=763).