Table 1.
Group Differences for Maternal Characteristics and Substance Use during Pregnancy
| Non-Smokers | Smokers | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 68 | n = 166 | |||||
| Variables | M | SD | M | SD | F | p |
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 23.79 | 5.02 | 24.82 | 4.97 | 2.06 | .15 |
| Education (years completed) | 12.13 | 1.23 | 12.08 | 1.62 | .05 | .83 |
| Cigarette Use During Pregnancy (cigarettes/day) | ||||||
| First trimester | 0 | 0 | 7.66 | 6.28 | 100.97 | .001 |
| Second trimester | 0 | 0 | 4.04 | 4.7 | 50.18 | .001 |
| Third trimester | 0 | 0 | 3.87 | 5.34 | 35.55 | .001 |
| Salivary Cotinine Levels (ng/g) | ||||||
| First Trimester | 0 | 0 | 62.64 | 83.26 | 42.35 | .001 |
| Second Trimester | 0 | 0 | 62.68 | 91.29 | 32.45 | .001 |
| Third Trimester | 0 | 0 | 56.38 | 66.93 | 49.54 | .001 |
| Alcohol Use During Pregnancy (standard drinks/day) | ||||||
| First trimester | .04 | .10 | .22 | .59 | 6.91 | .01 |
| Second trimester | .002 | .01 | .005 | .02 | 2.27 | .13 |
| Third trimester | .003 | .02 | .004 | .016 | .35 | .55 |
| Average Marijuana Use During Pregnancy (joints smoked/day) | ||||||
| First trimester | .19 | .95 | .75 | 1.68 | 6.57 | .01 |
| Second trimester | .01 | .04 | .15 | .49 | 5.53 | .02 |
| Third trimester | 0 | 0 | .08 | .34 | 3.24 | .07 |
| Maternal ETS Exposure during Pregnancy (# of reported days of ETS exposure during past 7 days) | 1.42 | .55 | 2.86 | 1.29 | 73.79 | .001 |
| Maternal Depressive Symptoms during Pregnancy – Average BDI | 14.43 | 7.8 | 16.16 | 7.84 | 2.35 | .13 |