Table 3. Therapeutic measures on the ground and during transport.

Emergency treatment on the ground
All patients	Peripheral venous catheter, if possible not in the paretic arm upper body elevation if hypoxemia 4L/min nasal oxygen (target value saturation >95%) (caution: no oxygen in COPD patients)
	as contraindicated in intracranial hemorrhage or thrombolysis: no antithrombotics (heparin or aspirin lysine IV, no i.m. injections)
Arterial hypertension	BP sys ≤ 220 mm Hg BP dia ≤ 120 mm Hg	leave
Hypertensive values in 2 measurements of 5-min interval	BP sys > 220 mm Hg BP dia > 120 mm Hg	urapidil in 10- or 12.5 mg steps fractionated IV captopril 6.25–12.5 mg IV metoprolol in 5–10 mg steps IV
	Several antihypertensive drugs that are indicated in the treatment of other hypertensive decompensations should be avoided in stroke patients and/or only be used in refractory hypertension: nitrate SL, calcium channel blocker of the nifedipine-type SL or IV
Arterial hypotension	BP sys ≤ 120 mm Hg (no signs of heart failure)	500 mL electrolyte solution or NaCl 0.9% IV
Hypoglycemia	<60 mg/dl (<3.3 mmol/l)	30 mL glucose 20% to 40% IV
Hyperglycemia	≥ 200 mg/dL (11 mmol/L)	additional glucose-free fluid intake
Complications and underlying diseases	heart failure respiratory insufficiency aspiration	Individual decision according to severity