Table 1.
Maternal Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics at Study Enrollment by Vitamin D Supplementation Group
| Maternal Characteristic | 400 IU Group | 2000 IU Group | 4000 IU Group | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=111 | N=122 | N=117 | ||
| Race/Ethnicity,1 N (%) | 0.9 | |||
| African American | 28 (25.2) | 37 (30.3) | 33 (28.2) | |
| Hispanic | 45 (40.5) | 48 (39.3) | 44 (37.6) | |
| Caucasian | 38 (34.2) | 37 (30.3) | 40 (34.2) | |
|
| ||||
| Maternal Age (years), Mean ± SD | 27.0 ± 5.6 | 27.4 ± 5.7 | 26.6 ± 5.4 | 0.6 |
| Range | 18 – 41 | 17 – 41 | 17 – 44 | |
|
| ||||
| Gestation at Enrollment, weeks | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 12.5 ± 1.9 | 12.6 ± 1.6 | 12.4 ± 2.0 | 0.8 |
| Range | 7.1 – 18.4 | 8.4 – 17.6 | 6.4 – 21.4 | |
|
| ||||
| Maternal Gravidity, Median | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.08 |
| Range | 1 – 8 | 1 – 7 | 1 –9 | |
|
| ||||
| Maternal Parity, Median | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0.052 |
| Range | 0–5 | 0–7 | 0 – 9 | |
|
| ||||
| Education, N (%) | 0.4 | |||
| < HS Education | 18 (17.3) | 23 (19.7) | 13 (11.6) | |
| HS graduate | 17 (16.4) | 24 (20.5) | 22 (19.6) | |
| College or more | 69 (66.4) | 70 (59.8) | 77 (68.8) | |
|
| ||||
| Employed at Study Entrance, N (%) | 61 (55.0) | 67 (54.9) | 65 (55.6) | 0.9 |
|
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| Insurance, N (%) | 0.07 | |||
| Medicaid/None | 62 (55.9) | 85 (69.7) | 69 (59.0) | |
| Commercial | 49 (44.1) | 37 (30.3) | 48 (41.0) | |
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| Subjective Health Rating Scale | 0.4 | |||
| Median2 | 9 | 10 | 10 | |
| Range | 5–10 | 5–10 | 1–10 | |
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| ||||
| Planned Pregnancy, N (%) | 59 (54.6) | 61 (50.4) | 59 (50.4) | 0.8 |
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| ||||
| BMI, N (%)3 | 0.6 | |||
| ≤30 | 78 (70.3) | 87 (71.3) | 89 (76.1) | |
| > 30 | 33 (29.7) | 35 (28.7) | 28 (23.9) | |
|
| ||||
| Season at study entry, N (%) | 0.9 | |||
| April – September | 54 (48.7) | 60 (49.2) | 56 (47.9) | |
| October – March | 57 (51.4) | 62 (50.8) | 61 (52.1) | |
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| ||||
| Vitamin D Intake in IU,4 Mean ± SD | 181.6 ± 108.4 | 195.8 ± 135.0 | 204.2 ± 148.2 | 0.6 |
| Range | 21.4 – 470.6 | 8.2 – 693.8 | 5.3 – 737.3 | |
|
| ||||
| Calcium Intake, mg/day, Mean ± SD | 1063.6 ± 539.6 | 993.9 ± 514.0 | 1073.6 ± 491.9 | 0.6 |
| Range | 252.9 – 2888.1 | 285.4 – 2754.1 | 275.6 – 2925.9 | |
|
| ||||
| Kcal Intake, Mean ± SD | 2148.3 ± 778.6 | 2059.4 ± 803 | 2212.9 ± 920.8 | 0.5 |
| Range | 977.3 – 4668.2 | 993.4 – 4793.4 | 929.3 – 5516 | |
1
Race/Ethnicity as defined by mother.
2
Self-reported maternal health status rating from 1 (poor) -10 (excellent)
3
BMI, Prepregnancy body mass index (BMI)
4
International Units, IU: dietary intake calculated from Block 1998.2 Food Frequency Questionnaire; amount did not include prenatal vitamin intake