Table 1.
Characteristics of the Sample
| Maternal Characteristics | Full Sample (N=350) |
|---|---|
| Maternal age at delivery (years)a | 30 (5.8) |
| Race | |
| White, non-Hispanic | 222 (63%) |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 105 (30%) |
| Other | 23 (7%) |
| Marital status | |
| Married | 233 (66%) |
| Not married, living with someone | 48 (14%) |
| Not married, living alone | 69 (20%) |
| Household incomeb | 55K (27K, 85K) |
| Employed | 288 (82%) |
| Education | |
| <= HS or GED | 74 (21%) |
| Some college or college graduate | 198 (57%) |
| Graduate or professional school | 78 (22%) |
| Moderate to severe depression (during pregnancy or postpartum) |
89 (25%) |
| Alcohol use during pregnancy | |
| Never drank alcohol during pregnancy | 192 (55%) |
| Drank <1 alcoholic drink per month | 107 (30%) |
| Drank >1 alcoholic drink per month | 51 (15%) |
| Marijuana use during pregnancy | 25 (7%) |
| Max blood lead (microg/dL, geomean)c | 0.82 (0.79 – 0.86) |
| Max serum cotinine (ng/mL, geomean)c | 0.098 (0.074, 0.13) |
| Infant Characteristics | |
|---|---|
| Male | 163 (46%) |
| Birth weight (grams)a | 3389 (615) |
| Birth length (cms)a | 50.9 (2.9) |
| Head circumference (cms)a | 34.2 (1.9) |
| Gestational age (weeks)a | 39.0 (1.7) |
| Age at 5-week exam (days)a | 34.5 (5.0) |
| Birth order | |
| First child | 153 (44%) |
| Second child | 114 (32%) |
| > Second child | 83 (24%) |
| At risk for neurodevelopmental deficits | 43 (12%) |
| Preterm (<37 weeks) | 31 (9%) |
| Low birth weight (<2500 grams) | 19 (5%) |
| NICU stay | 17 (5%) |
| NNNS Scale Scores | (Range) | |
|---|---|---|
| Attention | (1.2 - 9) | 5.40 (1.39) |
| Arousal | (2.4 - 6) | 4.8 (0.69) |
| Regulation | (2.9 - 7.5) | 5.54 (0.79) |
| Handling | (0 - 1) | 0.44 (0.31) |
| Movement Quality | (2.6 - 6.2) | 4.81 (0.59) |
| Excitability | (0 - 9) | 2.44 (2.02) |
| Lethargy | (0 - 12) | 4.12 (1.75) |
| Nonoptimal Reflexes | (0 - 9) | 3.96 (1.64) |
| Asymmetry | (0 - 5) | 1.23 (1.08) |
| Hypotoniad | (0 - 1) | 82 (23.4) |
| Stress/Abstinence | (0.02 - 0.35) | 0.13 (0.05) |
Data presented as N (%),
a
Mean (SD),
b
Median (25th, 75th percentile),
c
Geometric Mean (95% confidence interval), or
d
frequency reported for hypotonia=1.