Table 5.

The relationship between stimulus, environment, and personal attributes and refusal: results of GEE multivariate analyses

		Refused
		Odds Ratio	Confidence interval
Stimulus type	Real human - refa	1.00
	Inanimate social	11.69***	5.80–23.53
	Simulated social	10.85***	5.43–21.69
	Manipulative	9.09***	4.59–17.99
	Task/work	7.88***	4.00–15.55
	Reading	7.10***	3.30–15.26
	Pet	6.94***	3.05–15.79
	Identity	5.93***	2.85–12.33
	Music	6.62***	3.24–13.49
MMSE	<3 - refa	1.00
	3–10	2.63***	1.53–4.54
	>=10	4.71***	2.71–8.18
Speech clarity	Clear speech - refa	1.00
	Unclear speech	0.56*	0.35–0.89
	No speech	1.81	0.32–10.21
# psychotropic Medications
	0 - refa	1.00
	1	1.28	0.72–2.26
	2+	1.78*	1.08–2.93

Note: P-values are based on Wald statistics with 1 degree of freedom for individual categories, and with k-1 degrees of freedom for the overall test of a variable with k categories.

^*p ≤ .05;

^**p ≤ .01;

^***p ≤ .001

Note: The following were not candidates for the multivariate analysis since they were not significant (P>0.2) in the univariate model: age, gender, marital status, race, count of past interest, vision, no. of medications.

The following variables entered the backward elimination procedure and were excluded from the final model due to non-significance: introduction, education, no. of diagnoses, ADL, hearing.

ref^a - the category is the reference value