Table 3.
Vitamin D and HIV-Related Complications Among Women During Follow-Up (n=884)
| Complication | Episodes mean (SD)a | Relative risk for low vitamin D (95% CI) | p Valueb | Adjusted relative risk for low vitamin D (95% CI)c | p Valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thrush | 0.15 (0.50) | 0.99 (0.70, 1.41) | 0.96 | 0.94 (0.66, 1.34) | 0.74 |
| Acute upper respiratory tract infection | 0.85 (1.19) | 1.18 (1.02, 1.36) | 0.02 | 1.18 (1.03, 1.37) | 0.02 |
| Reported mouth and throat ulcers | 0.29 (0.98) | 1.15 (0.86, 1.56) | 0.34 | 1.05 (0.77, 1.44) | 0.74 |
| Painful tongue or mouth | 0.32 (1.03) | 1.07 (0.80, 1.43) | 0.66 | 0.97 (0.71, 1.32) | 0.83 |
| Difficult or painful swallowing | 0.16 (0.56) | 1.06 (0.77, 1.46) | 0.74 | 1.04 (0.74, 1.47) | 0.83 |
| Nausea and vomiting | 0.36 (1.03) | 1.06 (0.82, 1.36) | 0.66 | 1.03 (0.79, 1.34) | 0.83 |
| Diarrhea | 0.54 (1.20) | 0.92 (0.73, 1.16) | 0.50 | 0.91 (0.72, 1.14) | 0.40 |
| Dysentery | 0.18 (0.63) | 0.77 (0.56, 1.05) | 0.10 | 0.77 (0.57, 1.03) | 0.08 |
| Fatigue | 0.60 (1.42) | 1.26 (1.00, 1.58) | 0.05 | 1.15 (0.92, 1.45) | 0.21 |
| Rash | 0.98 (1.77) | 1.09 (0.88, 1.34) | 0.43 | 1.04 (0.84, 1.28) | 0.73 |
a
Mean number of episodes per year per woman (the average number of episodes per visit*12). Low vitamin D status was defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations<32 ng/mL.
b
p values from Generalized Estimating Equations using Proc Genmod in SAS.
c
All multivariate models adjusted for age, HIV disease stage, CD4 cell count, BMI, primiparity, anemia (Hb<7.0 g/dL), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (>81 mm/h) at baseline, and multivitamin regime received.
SD, standard deviation; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index.